Engineering 


flOUTOSSI 


•3  Jfl 


UNIVERSITY  OF  CALIFORNIA 

*  KTLvIEKT  O!T  CIVIL 


THE  BUILDING  LAW 


OF  THE 


CITY  OF  BOSTON. 


BEING  ACTS  OF  J907,  CHAPTER  550. 


Published  by 

THE  MASTER  BUILDERS  ASSOCIATION, 
No.  166  Devonshire  Street, 

BOSTON, 
October,  1907. 


CONTENTS. 


PAGE 

SECTIONS  1-10.     BUILDING  DEPARTMENT. 

Organization,  Officers,  Powers,  etc.  .        .        . 1 

SECTION  11.     BUILDING  TERMS. 

Definitions  of  Words  Used 7 

SECTIONS  12-13.     BUILDINGS,  REQUIREMENTS  FOR  ALL. 

Permits,  Prohibitions,  etc. 7 

SECTIONS  14-16.     BUILDING  MATERIALS. 

Brick,  Iron,  Steel,  Concrete,  Wood,  etc 10 

SECTION  17.     BUILDING  CLASSIFICATIONS. 

First,  Second,  Third,  Composite        .        .        . 16 

SECTIONS  18-41.     BUILDING  CONSTRUCTION. 

Height,  Excavations,  Piling,  etc.       .       ,       .       .        ....        .       18 

SECTIONS  42-76.     TENEMENT  HOUSES,  ADDITIONAL  REQUIREMENTS  FOR. 

Definitions  of  Terms,  Fire-escapes,  etc.    .       .   >  .        .       .       .        .        .       29 

SECTIONS  77-111.     THEATRES  AND  PLACES  OF  PUBLIC  ASSEMBLY. 

Construction,  Courts,  Curtains>  etc 41 

SECTIONS  112-124.     PLUMBING  AND  PLUMBERS. 

Definition  of  Terms,  Registration,  Inspection,  etc.         .....       49 

SECTION  125.     HAZARDOUS  BUILDINGS  AND  APPLIANCES 

Regulations  Relative  to      .       .  '    .       .'       ...        .        .        ...       57 

SECTION  126.     COMBUSTIBLE  MATERIALS. 

Habitable  Buildings  Not  to  be  Used  for  Storage,  etc    .        .        .        .        .       58 

SECTIONS  127,  129.     ENFORCEMENT  OF  ACT. 

Jurisdiction  in  Equity  and  at  Law    .        .        .        .        .'       .        .        .        .       58 

SECTION  128.     BOARD  OF  HEALTH,  POWERS  OF. 

Relating  to  Occupants,  Light,  Ventilation,  etc.      .        .        .        .        .        .       58 

SECTION  132.     NUISANCE. 

When  a  Building  becomes  a  Nuisance.    .        .       .        .        .        .        ;       .       59 

SECTION  133.     REPEALS. 

Acts  1892,  Chapter  419 59 

SECTION  134.     THIS  ACT  TAKES  EFFECT 

August  1,  1907      ......  59 


CIVIL  ENGINEERING 
0.  of  C. 

THE  BUILDIN  LIBRARY 


OF  THE 

CITY  OF  BOSTON. 


ACTS,  J907  —  CHAP*  550. 


AN  ACT  RELATIVE  TO  THE  CONSTRUCTION,  ALTERATION  AND  MAINTENANCE 
OF   BUILDINGS  IN  THE  CITY  OF  BOSTON. 

Be  it  enacted,  etc.,  as  follows: 

SECTION  1.  There  shall  be  in  the  city  of  Boston  a  department  to  be 
called  the  building  department,  which  shall  be  under  the  charge  of  the 
building  commissioner.  The  commissioner,  who  shall  have  had  at  least 
five  years'  experience  as  an  architect,  a  builder,  or  a  civil  engineer,  shall 
be  appointed  by  the  mayor,  for  a  term  of  five  years.  He  shall  receive 
such  salary  as  shall  be  fixed  by  the  city  council,  with  the  approval  of  the 
mayor. 

The  present  officers  and  employees  of  the  building  department,  except 
the  board  of  appeal,  shall  hold  their  several  offices  and  positions  until 
removed  or  discharged  according  to  law. 

The  commissioner  may,  with  the  approval  of  the  mayor,  appoint  such 
number  of  inspectors,  employees,  and  assistants  as  the  city  council  shall, 
from  time  to  time,  determine.  No  person  shall  be  appointed  as  inspector 
of  construction  who  has  not  had  at  least  five  years'  experience- as  a 
builder,  civil  engineer,  or  architect,  or  as  a  superintendent  or  foreman  or 
a  competent  mechanic  in  charge  of  construction. 

The  commissioner  may  appoint  as  his  deputy  an  inspector  in  the  de- 
partment who  shall,  during  the  absence  or  disability  of  the  commissioner, 
exercise  all  the  powers  of  the  commissioner.  No  officer  connected  with 
the  department  shall  engage  in  any  other  business  or  be  interested  in  the 
doing  of  work  or  the  furnishing  of  material  for  the  construction,  repair 
or  maintenance  of  any  building,  or  in  the  making  of  plans  or  of  specifi- 
cations therefor,  unless  he  is  the  owner  of  the  building  or  a  member  of 
the  board  of  appeal. 

The  clerk  of  the  department  shall,  under  the  direction  of  the  commis- 
sioner, keep  a  record  of  the  business  of  the  department,  and  the  commis- 
sioner shall  submit  to  the  mayor  a  yearly  report  of  such  business.  The 
records  of  the  department  shall  be  open  to  public  inspection.  The  com- 

800296 


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«•    «      .->/-!     V»  »      .*    *»  Jl  **»•*        * 

*  4  *  Acts  of  1907,  Chapter  550. 

missioner  may  require  plans  and  specifications  of  any  proposed  structure 
or  for  the  alteration  of  any  structure  or  building  to  be  filed  with  him, 
duplicates  of  which,  when  approved  by  the  commissioner,  shall  be  kept 
at  the  building  during  the  progress  of  the  work.  Such  duplicates  shall  be 
open  to  the  inspection  of  any  inspector  in  said  department. 

The  commissioner  shall  grant  permits  for  the  construction,  alteration, 
removal  or  tearing  down  of  buildings  or  structures,  and  for  plumbing, 
gas  fitting,  and  the  setting  and  maintenance  of  steam  boilers  and 
furnaces  when  applications  for  the  same  are  made  and  filed  in  conformity 
with  law. 

All  permits  issued  by  the  commissioner  shall  be  on  printed  forms 
approved  by  him. 

If  the  commissioner  finds  that  the  terms  of  a  permit  are  being  violated, 
he  may,  after  notice  mailed  to  the  person  to  whom  the  permit  was  issued, 
order  the  whole  or  any  part  of  the  work,  which  is  being  done  under  the 
permit,  to  be  stopped,  and  such  work  shall  not  be  resumed  until  the 
terms  of  the  permit  have  been  complied  with. 

All  applications  for  permits  under  the  provisions  of  this  act  shall  be  in 
writing,  on  forms  furnished  by  the  department.  The  commissioner  may 
require  the  material  facts  set  forth  in  the  same  to  be  verified  by  the  oath 
of  the  applicant;  he  may  also  require,  in  his  discretion,  a  survey  of  a 
lot  on  which  any  proposed  building  is  to  be  erected  to  be  filed  with  the 
application.  Every  application  shall  state  the  name  and  address  of  the 
owner. 

SECT.  2.  The  commissioner,  or  one  of  his  inspectors,  shall  examine 
as  often  as  is  practicable  every  building  in  the  course  of  construction  or 
alteration,  and  shall  make  a  record  of  all  violations  of  this  act  and  of  all 
other  matters  relative  thereto.  The  publication  of  such  records  with  the 
consent  of  the  commissioner  shall  be  privileged. 

SECT.  3.  The  commissioner,  or  one  of  his  inspectors,  shall  examine 
any  building  reported  as  dangerous  or  damaged,  and  shall  make  a  record 
of  such  examination,  stating  the  nature  and  estimated  amount  of  the 
damage,  and  the  purpose  for  which  the  building  was  used,  and  in  case 
of  fire  the  probable  origin  thereof;  and  shall  examine  all  buildings  in 
respect  to  which  applications  have  been  made  for  permits  to  raise,  en- 
large, alter,  or  repair,  and  shall  make  a  record  of  every  such  examination. 

SECT.  4.  The  commissioner,  or  ore  of  his  inspectors,  shall  inspect 
every  building  or  other  structure  or  anything  attached  to  or  connected 
therewith  which  he  has  reason  to  believe  is  unsafe  or  dangerous  to  life, 
limb,  or  adjoining  buildings,  and  if  he  finds  it  unsafe  or  dangerous,  he 
shall  forthwith  in  writing  notify  the  owner,  agent,  or  any  person  having 
an  interest  therein,  to  secure  the  same,  and  shall  affix  in  a  conspicuous 
place  upon  its  external  walls  a  notice  of  its  dangerous  condition.  The 
notice  shall  not  be  removed  or  defaced  without  his  consent. 

The  commissioner  may  with  the  written  approval  of  the  mayor  order 
any  building  which  in  his  opinion  is  unsafe  to  be  vacated  forthwith. 

SECT.  5.  The  person  notified  as  provided  in  the  preceding  section 
shall  secure  or  remove  said  building,  structure,  attachment  or  connection 
forthwith.  If  the  public  safety  so  requires,  the  commissioner,  with  the 
approval  of  the  mayor,  may  at  once  enter  the  building  or  other  structure, 
the  land  on  which  it  stands  or  the  abutting  land  or  buildings,  with  such 
assistance  as  he  may  require,  and  secure  the  same,  and  may  erect  such 


Acts  of  1907,  Chapter  550.  5 

protection  for  the  public  by  proper  fence  or  otherwise  as  may  be  neces- 
sary, and  for  this  purpose  may  close  a  public  highway. 

SECT.  6.  There  shall  be  in  said  department  a  board  to  be  called  the 
board  of  appeal.  Said  board  shall  consist  of  five  members  appointed  by 
the  mayor  in  the  following  manner:  One  member  from  two  candidates, 
one  to  be  nominated  by  the  Real  Estate  Exchange  and  Auction  Board 
and  one  by  the  Massachusetts  Real  Estate  Exchange;  one  member  from 
two  candidates,  one  to  be  nominated  by  the  Boston  Society  of  Architects 
and  one  by  the  Boston  Society  of  Civil  Engineers;  one  member  from  two 
candidates,  one  to  be  nominated  by  the  Master  Builders  Association  and 
one  by  the  Contractors  and  Builders  Association;  one  member  from  two 
candidates  to  be  nominated  by  the  Building  Trades  Council  of  the 
Boston  Central  Labor  Union;  and  one  member  selected  by. the  mayor. 
These  appointments  shall  be  subject  to  confirmation  by  the  board  of 
aldermen.  The  appointments  first  made  shall  be  for  the  terms  of  one, 
two,  three,  four,  and  five  years,  respectively,  so  that  the  term  of  one 
member  shall  expire  each  year.  All  subsequent  appointments  shall  be 
for  the  term  of  five  years.  Vacancies  shall  be  filled  in  the  same  manner 
in  which  original  appointments  are  made.  Each  member  of  said  board 
shall  be  paid  ten  dollars  per  day  for  actual  service  but  not  more  than  one 
thousand  dollars  in  any  one  year.  No  member  shall  act  in  any  case  in 
which  he  is  interested,  and  in  case  any  member  is  so  disqualified,  the 
remaining  members  shall  designate  a  substitute. 

-  r All  the  members  of  said  board  shall  be  residents  of  or  engaged  in  busi- 
ness in  Boston. 

Every  decision  of  the  board  shall  be  in  writing  and  shall  require  the 
assent  of  at  least  three  members. 

SECT.  7.  An  applicant  for  a  permit  whose  application  has  been 
refused  may  appeal  therefrom  within  ninety  days.  A  person  who  has 
been  ordered  by  the  commissioner  to  incur  any  expense  may  within  ten 
days  after  being  notified  of  such  order  appeal  therefrom  by  giving  to  the 
commissioner  notice  in  writing  of  his  appeal.  Such  notice  or  a  certified 
copy  thereof  shall  at  once  be  transmitted  by  the  commissioner  to  the 
board  of  appeal.  After  notice  given  to  such  parties  as  the  board  shall 
order,  a  hearing  shall  be  had,  and  the  board  shall  affirm,  annul,  or  modify 
said  refusal  or  order.  The  board  may  vary  the  provisions  of  this  act  in 
specific  cases  which  appear  to  them  not  to  have  been  contemplated  by 
this  act  although  covered  by  it,  or  in  cases  where  manifest  injustice  is 
done,  provided  that  the  decision  of  the  board  in  such  a  case  shall  be 
unanimous  and  shall  not  conflict  with  the  spirit  of  any  provision  of  this 
act. 

The  decision  shall  specify  the  variations  allowed  and  the  reasons  there- 
for, and  shall  be  filed  in  the  office  of  the  commissioner  within  ten  days 
after  the  hearing.  A  certified  copy  shall  be  sent  by  mail  or  otherwise 
to  the  applicant  and  a  copy  kept  publicly  posted  in  the  office  of  the  com- 
missioner for  two  weeks  thereafter.  If  the  order  or  refusal  of  the  com- 
missioner is  affirmed,  such  order  or  refusal  shall  have  full  force  and  effect. 
If  the  order  or  refusal  is  modified  or  annulled,  the  commissioner  shall 
issue  a  permit  in  accordance  with  such  decision. 

The  provisions  of  this  section  shall  also  apply  to  any  similar  action  or 
order  of  the  commissioner  of  wires,  under  the  provisions  of  chapter  two 
hundred  and  sixty-eight  of  the  acts  of  the  year  eighteen  hundred  and 


6  Acts  of  1907,  Chapter  550. 

ninety-eight,  or  of  any  amendment  thereof  or  addition  thereto,  except 
that  in  respect  thereto  the  words  "  commisioners  of  wires  "  shall  be  sub- 
stituted for  the  word  "  commissioner." 

SECT.  8.  Methods  of  construction  or  maintenance  equivalent  to 
those  required  by  the  provisions  of  this  act  may  be  allowed  with  the 
written  consent  of  the  commissioner  and  the  board  of  appeal  specifying 
the  same.  A  record  of  the  required  and  the  equivalent  method  allowed 
shall  be  kept  in  the  office  of  the  commissioner. 

It  shall  be  the  duty  of  the  board  of  appeal  to  submit  to  the  mayor  on 
or  before  the  first  day  of  February  in  each  year  a  report  giving  a  sum- 
mary of  all  decisions  of  the  board,  together  with  such  recommendations 
for  revision  of  the  law  as  may  seem  to  them  advisable.  The  commis- 
sioner shall  cause  the  report  to  be  printed  as  a  separate  document  for 
public  distribution. 

Any  requirement  necessary  for  the  strength  or  stability  of  any  pro- 
posed structure  or  for  the  safety  of  the  occupants  thereof,  not  specifically 
covered  by  this  act,  shall  be  determined  by  the  commissioner,  subject  to 
appeal. 

SECT.  9.  The  building  limits  of  the  city  of  Boston  as  they  now  exist 
shall  continue  until  changed  by  ordinance,  and  the  city  council  may  by 
ordinance  from  time  to  time  extend  and  define  said  building  limits,  and 
may  establish  other  limits  in  any  part  of  the  city  within  which  every 
building  built  after  the  establishment  thereof  shall  be  of  the  first  or 
second  class.  This  restriction  shall  not  apply  to  wharves,  nor  to  build- 
ings not  exceeding  twenty-seven  feet  in  height  on  wharves,  nor  to  market 
sheds  or  market  buildings  not  exceeding  such  height,  nor  to  elevators  for 
the  storage  of  coal  or  grain,  if  the  external  parts  of  such  buildings, 
elevators,  or  other  structures  are  covered  with  slate,  tile,  metal,  or  other 
equally  fireproof  material,  and  the  mode  of  construction  and  the  location 
thereof  are  approved  by  the  commissioner.  Temporary  structures  to 
facilitate  the  prosecution  of  any  authorized  work  may  be  erected  under 
such  conditions  as  the  commissioner  may  prescribe. 

SECT.  10.  The  provisions  of  this  act  shall  not  apply  to  bridges,  quays, 
or  wharves,,  nor  to  buildings  on  land  ceded  to  the  United  States  or 
owned  and  occupied  by  the  Commonwealth,  nor  to  the  Suffolk  County 
court  house,  jail,  or  house  of  correction,  nor  to  railroad  stations,  nor  to 
portable  school  buildings  erected  and  maintained  by  the  schoolhouse 
department,  nor  to  voting  booths  erected  and  maintained  by  the  board 
of  election  commissioners. 

Except  as  otherwise  provided  by  law,  the  provisions  of  this  act  shall 
not  be  held  to  deprive  the  board  of  health,  the  police  commissioner, 
the  board  of  street  commissioners,  the  board  of  park  commissioners,  the 
board  of  examiners  of  gas  fitters,  the  commissioner  of  wires,  or  the  fire 
commissioner  of  the  city  of  Boston  of  any  power  or  authority  which  they 
have  at  the  date  of  the  passage  of  this  act,  or  of  the  remedies  for  the 
enforcement  of  the  orders  of  said  boards  or  officers;  unless  such  powers, 
authorities,  or  remedies  are  inconsistent  with  the  provisions  of  this  act ; 
nor  to  repeal  any  existing  law,  not  herein  expressly  repealed,  except  so 
far  as  it  may  be  inconsistent  with  the  provisions  of  this  act. 


Acts  of  1907,  Chapter  550. 


DEFINITIONS. 

SECT.  11.     In  this  act  the  following  terms  shall  have" 
respectively  assigned  to  them:  — 

First  class  building: —  A  first  class  building  shall  consist  of  fireproof 
material  throughout,  with  floors  constructed  of  iron,  steel  or  reinforced 
concrete  beams,  filled  in  between  with  terra-cotta  or  other  masonry 
arches  or  with  concrete  or  reinforced  concrete  slabs;  wood  may  be  used 
only  for  under  and  upper  floors,  windows  and  door  frames,  sashes,  doors, 
interior  finish,  hand  rails  for  stairs,  necessary  sleepers  bedded  in  the 
cement,  and  for  isolated  furrings  bedded  in  mortar.  There  shall  be  no 
air  space  between  the  top  of  any  floor  arches  and  the  floor  boarding. 

Second  class  building: —  All  buildings  not  of  the  first  class,  the  ex- 
ternal and  party  walls  of  which  are  of  brick,  stone,  Iron,  steel,  concrete, 
reinforced  concrete,  concrete  blocks,  or  other  equally  substantial  and 
fireproof  material. 

Third  class  building: —  A  wooden  frame  building. 

Composite  building: —  A  building,  partly  of  second  class  and  partly 
of  third  class  construction. 

Foundation:  —  That  part  of  a  wall  below  the  level  of  the  street  curb, 
or,  if  a  wall  is  not  on  a  street,  that  part  of  the  wall  below  the  level  of  the 
highest  ground  next  to  the  wall,  or,  if  so  construed  by  the  commissioner, 
that  part  of  a  party  or  partition  wall  below  the  cellar  floor. 

Height  of  a  building:  —  The  vertical  distance  of  the  highest  point  of 
the  roof  above  the  mean  grade  of  the  curbs  of  all  the  streets  upon  which 
it  abuts,  and  if  it  does  not  abut  on  a  street,  above  the  mean  grade  of  the 
ground  adjoining  the  building. 

Party  wall :  —  A  wall  that  separates  two  or  more  buildings,  and  is 
used  or  adapted  for  the  use  of  more  than  one  building. 

Partition  wall :  —  An  interior  wall  of  masonry  in  a  building. 

Thickness  of  wall:  —  The  minimum  thickness  of  such  wall. 

Story  of  a  building :  —  That  part  of  a  building  between  the  top  of  any 
floor  beams  and  the  top  of  the  floor  or  roof  beams  next  above. 

Basement :  —  That  story  of  a  building  not  more  than  forty  per  cent 
of  which  is  below  the  grade  of  the  street. 

Cellar:  —  That  part  of  a  building  more  than  forty  per  cent  of  which  is 
below  the  grade  of  the  street,  and  in  third  class  buildings  that  part  of 
the  building  which  is  below  the  sills. 

Gas  fitting  shall  mean  the  work  of  putting  together  any  fittings,  pipe 
or  fixtures  or  other  appliances  which  are  to  contain  gas  for  heat,  light 
or  power  purposes  and  will  be  subject  to  inspection  under  existing  laws. 


REQUIREMENTS    FOR   ALL   BUILDINGS. 

SECT.  12.  No  building,  structure  or  foundation  shall  be  constructed 
or  altered  without  a  permit,  and  such  work  shall  be  done  in  accordance 
with  drawings  bearing  the  approval  of  the  commissioner. 

Every  structure  in  process  of  construction,  alteration,  repair  or  re- 
moval, and  every  neighboring  structure  or  portion  thereof  affected  by 
such  process  or  by  any  excavation,  shall  be  sufficiently  supported  during 
such  process. 


8  Acts  of  1907,  Chapter  550. 

The  commissioner  may  take  such  measures  as  the  public  safety  re- 
quires to  carry  these  provisions  into  effect. 

All  buildings  shall  have  leaders  sufficient  to  discharge  the  roof  water 
in  such  a  manner  as  not  to  flow  upon  any  public  way  or  any  neighboring 
property.  Such  leaders  may  project  into  a  public  way  not  over  seven 
inches. 

Every  chimney  flue  shall  be  carried  to  a  height  sufficient  to  protect 
adjoining  buildings  from  fire  and  smoke,  and,  unless  the  roof  is  covered 
with  incombustible  material,  shall  extend  at  least  four  feet  above  the 
highest  point  of  contact  with  the  roof. 

Every  permanent  building  more  than  twenty  feet  high  having  a  flat 
roof  shall  have  permanent  means  of  access  to  the  roof  from  the  inside 
by  an  opening  not  less  than  two  feet  by  three  feet,  with  a  fixed  step- 
ladder. 

Every  building  shall  have,  with  reference  to  its  height,  condition,  con- 
struction, surroundings,  character  of  occupation  and  number  of  occu- 
pants, reasonable  means  of  egress  in  case  of  fire,  satisfactory  to  the 
commissioner,  except  that  in  all  factories  or  workshops  hereafter  built  or 
altered,  of  second  class  construction,  where  ten  or  more  persons  are 
employed  above  the  second  floor,  one  exit  shall  consist  of  a  fireproof 
stairway  enclosed  in  incombustible  material. 

Water  pipes  in  every  building  shall  be  properly  protected  from  frost. 

All  chimneys  of  masonry  construction  shall  have  walls  at  least  eight 
inches  thick,  or  be  constructed  of  four-inch  brick  walls  with  a  suitable 
flue  lining. 

Every  building  used  for  habitation  shall  have  such  number  of  water- 
closets  as  the  board  of  health  may  require;  every  building  where  persons 
are  employed  shall  have  at  least  one  water-closet  for  every  twenty 
persons  therein  employed,  and  in  any  building  where  both  sexes  are 
employed,  separate  accommodations  shall  be  furnished  for  men  and 
women.  Every  enclosure  containing  one  or  more  water-closets  shall  be 
provided  with  adequate  ventilation  to  the  outer  air  either  by  window 
or  by  suitable  light  shaft. 

In  every  first  and  second  class  building  all  of  the  outside  finish  shall 
be  of  incombustible  material,  except  window  and  door  frames,  and  except 
finish  about  show  windows  in  the  first  story.  Where  store  fronts  are 
carried  up  more  than  one  story  the  columns  and  lintels  shall  be  of,  or  fin- 
ished with,  incombustible  material;  but  in  no  case  shall  store  fronts  be  car- 
ried more  than  two  stories'unless  the  same  are  constructed  and  finished 
throughout  with  fireproof  material,  except  window  and  door  frames. 

Every  ventilating  flue  shall  be  constructed  of,  or  lined  with,  incom- 
bustible material. 

Every  floor  in  second  class  buildings  shall  have  its  beams  tied  to  the 
walls  and  to  each  other  with  wrought-iron  straps  or  anchors  at  least 
three  eighths  of  an  inch  thick  by  one  and  one  half  inches  wide,  and  not 
less  than  eighteen  inches  long,  so  as  to  form  continuous  ties  across  the 
building  not  more  than  ten  feet  apart.  Walls  running  parallel,  or  nearly 
parallel,  with  floor  beams  shall  be  properly  tied  once  in  ten  feet  to  the 
floor  beams  by  iron  straps  or  anchors  of  the  size  above  specified. 

Every  wooden  header  or  trimmer  more  than  four  feet  long,  carrying  a 
floor  load  of  over  seventy  pounds  per  square  foot,  shall,  at  connections 
with  other  beams,  be  framed  or  hung  in  stirrup  irons,  and  joint-bolted. 


Acts  of  1907,  Chapter  550.  9 

All  tail  beams  and  similar  beams  of  wood  shall  be  framed  or  hung  in 
stirrup  irons. 

PROHIBITIONS. 

SECT.  13.  No  alteration  or  repair  of  a  wooden  building  within  the 
building  limits  shall  be  made  without  a  permit  from  the  commissioner, 
and  no  permit  to  increase  the  height  or  ground  area  of  such  a  building 
shall  be  granted,  nor  shall  a  permit  for  alterations  or  repairs  be  granted 
if  the  estimated  cost  of  the  proposed  alterations  or  repairs  exceeds  one 
half  of  the  cost  of  a  like  new  building. 

No  wooden  building,  within  or  without  the  building  limits,  shall  be 
moved  to  any  position  within  the  building  limits. 

No  recess  or  chase  shall  be  made  in  any  external  or  party  wall  so  as  to 
leave  the  thickness  at  the  back  less  than  eight  inches. 

No  roof  or  floor  timber  entering  a  party  wall  shall  have  less  than  four 
inches  of  solid  brickwork  between  it  and  the  end  of  any  other  timber. 

No  part  of  any  roof  shall  be  constructed  in  such  a  manner  as  to  dis- 
charge snow,  ice,  or  other  material  upon  a  public  street  or  alley. 

No  elevated  staging  or  stand  for  observation  purposes  shall  be  con- 
structed or  occupied  upon  the  roof  of  any  building. 

No  chimney  shall  be  corbelled  from  a  wall  more  than  the  thickness 
of  the  wall. 

No  chimney  shall  be  hung  from  a  wall  which  is  less  than  twelve  inches 
thick. 

No  masonry  shall  rest  upon  wood,  except  piles  and  mud  sills. 

No  part  of  any  floor  timber  shall  be  within  two  inches  of  any  chimney. 

No  studding  or  furring  shall  be  within  one  inch  of  any  chimney. 

No  furnace  or  boiler  for  heating  shall  be  placed  upon  a  wooden  floor. 

No  smoke  pipe  shall  project  through  any  external  wall  or  window. 

No  steam,  furnace,  or  other  hot  air  pipes  shall  be  carried  within  one 
inch  of  any  woodwork,  unless  such  pipes  are  double  or  otherwise  pro- 
tected by  incombustible  material. 

No  observation  stand  shall  be  constructed  or  maintained  except  in 
accordance  with  plans  approved  by  the  commissioner. 

No  closet  of  any  kind  shall  be  constructed  under  any  staircase  leading 
from  the  cellar  or  basement  to  the  first  story. 

No  boiler  shall  be  placed  or  maintained  under  any  public  way. 

No  part  of  any  structure,  except  cornices,  permanent  awnings,  string 
courses,  window  caps  and  sills,  bay  windows,  under  such  terms,  con- 
ditions, regulations  and  restrictions  as  may  be  required  by  the  mayor 
and  board  of  aldermen,  and  outside  means  of  egress,  as  otherwise  pro- 
vided, and  signs  as  provided  in  chapter  three  hundred  and  fifty-two  of 
the  acts  of  the  year  eighteen  hundred  and  ninety-five,  shall  project  over 
any  public  way  or  square.  No  cornice  or  bay  window  shall  so  project 
more  than  three  feet;  nor  more  than  twelve  inches  over  a  way  of  a 
width  of  thirty  feet  or  less. 

No  building  within  forty  feet  of  the  property  of  any  adjoining  owner 
shall  be  erected  for  or  converted  to  use  as  a  stable,  unless  such  use  is 
authorized  by  the  board  of  health  after  a  public  hearing.  Written 
notice  of  such  hearing  shall  be  given  to  the  adjoining  owners,  and  pub- 
lished at  least  three  times  in  at  least  two  newspapers  published  in 
Boston,  ten  days  at  least  before  the  hearing. 


10 


Acts  of  1907,  Chapter  550. 


MATERIALS. 

Strength  of  Materials. 

SECT.  14.  The  stresses  in  materials  hereafter  used  in  the  construc- 
tion of  all  buildings,  produced  by  their  own  weight  and  the  loads  herein 
specified,  shall  not  exceed  the  limits  assigned  in  the  following  paragraphs 
of  this  section :  — 

(a)       TIMBER. 

Unit  Stresses  in  Pounds  per  Square  Inch. 


On  Extreme 
Fibre  of 
Beams. 

Shearing  along 
the  Grain. 

Compression 
Perpendicular  to 
the  Grain. 

White  pine  and  spruce 

1  000 

80 

250 

White  oak,    

1,000 

150 

600 

Yellow  pine  (long-leaved),     .... 

1,500 

100 

500 

Stresses  due  to  transverse  loads  combined  with  direct  tension  or  com- 
pression shall  not  exceed  the  extreme  fibre  stresses  given  above. 

In  computing  deflection,  the  modulus  of  elasticity  shall  be  taken  as 
follows :  — 

Pounds  per 
Square  Inch. 

White  pine, 750,000 

Spruce, 900,000 

Yellow  pine  (long-leaved), 1,300,000 

White  oak ............  850,000 

Columns  (centrally  loaded). 

For  wooden  columns  with  flat  ends,  where  L  is  the  length  of  the  col- 
umn, D  is  its  least  diameter,  the  average  stress  per  square  inch  on  a 
cross-section  shall  be  limited  as  follows :  — 


AVERAGE  STRESS  PER  SQUARE  INCH. 


L 
D 

White  Pine 
and  Spruce. 

Long-leaved 
Yellow  Pine. 

White  Oak. 

0  to  10,    

630 

900 

810 

10  to  15                                    ... 

595 

850 

765 

15  to  20                                

560 

800 

720 

20  to  25,    

525 

750 

675 

25  to  30                     

490 

700 

630 

No  column  shall  be  used  with  a  greater  unsupported  length  than  thirty 
times  its  least  diameter. 

For  excentric  loads  see  section  sixteen. 


Acts  of  1907,  Chapter  550. 


11 


(6)       WROUGHT   IRON   AND    STEEL. 

Unit  Stresses  in  Pounds  per  Square  Inch. 


Wrought 
Iron. 

Steel.1 

Extreme  fibre  of  rolled  beams  or  shapes,  
Tension,  

12,000 
12,000 

16,000 
16,000 

Compression  in  flanges  of  built  beams,  .  .  .  
Shearing  (see  below  for  bolts),  .  
Direct  bearing  including  pins  and  rivets 

12,000 
9,000 
15,000 

16,000 
10,000 
18,000 

Bending  on  pins,  

18,000 

22,500 

Modulus  of  elasticity                                     

27,000,000 

29,000,000 

For  compression  members  twelve  thousand  for  iron  and  sixteen  thou- 
sand for  steel,  reduced  according  to  the  following  formula:  — 

12,000  (or  16,000  for  steel). 

1         L2 
1  +  - 

20,000    r2 

in  which  L  is  the  length  of  the  column  in  inches,  and  r  is  the  radius  of  gyration  in 
inches  taken  around  the  axis  about  which  the  column  will  bend  (for  free  columns, 
the  least  radius  of  gyration). 

The  stresses  due  to  transverse  loads  combined  with  direct  tension  or 
compression  shall  not  exceed  the  extreme  fibre  stress  given  above  for 
rolled  beams  and  shapes,  or  in  case  of  built  members  the  above  tension 
and  compression  stresses  (see  section  sixteen). 

Compression  flanges  of  beams  shall  be  proportioned  to  resist  lateral 
flexure  unless  properly  stayed  or  secured  against  it.  If  the  ratio  of 
unsupported  length  of  flange  to  width  of  flange  does  not  exceed  twenty, 
no  allowance  need  be  made  for  lateral  flexure.  If  the  ratio  is  seventy 
the  allowable  stress  on  the  extreme  fibre  shall  be  one  half  of  that  above 
specified,  and  proportionally  for  intermediate  ratios. 

Shearing  and  bearing  stresses  on  bolts  shall  not  be  higher  than  eighty 
per  cent  of  those  allowed  by  the  above  table.  All  connections  in  skeleton 
buildings,  all  splices  in  steel  trusses  and  girders,  and  all  connections  of 
such  trusses  and  girders  to  the  sides  of  steel  columns  shall,  if  possible,  be 
made  by  means  of  rivets  rather  than  by  bolts. 

(c)       CAST    IRON. 

Unit  Stresses  in  Pounds  per  Square  Inch. 

Extreme  fibre  stress,  tension, 3,000 

Extreme  fibre  stress,  compression, 16,000 

Cast  iron  shall  not  be  used  for  columns  in  buildings  of  more  than 


1  These  stresses  (except  for  rivets)  are  for  steel  having  an  ultimate  tensile  strength  of  from  fifty- 
five  thousand  to  sixty-five  thousand  pounds  per  square  inch,  an  elastic  limit  of  not  less  than  one 
half  the  ultimate  strength,  and  a  minimum  percentage  of  elongation  in  eight  inches  of  one  million 
four  hundred  thousand,  divided  by  the  ultimate  strength. 


12 


Acts  of  1907,  Chapter  550. 


seventy-five  feet  in  height,  nor  in  cases  where  the  value  of  the  length 
divided  by  least  radius  of  gyration  exceeds  seventy. 

Cast  Iron  Columns  (centrally  loaded  and  unsupported  laterally). 


Where  the  Length 
divided  by  the 
Least  Radius  of 
Gyration  equals  — 

Average  Stress 
per  Square 
Inch  of  Section. 

Where  the  Length 
divided  by  the 
Least  Radius  of 
Gyration  equals  — 

Average  Stress 
per  Square 
Inch  of  Section. 

10 
20 
30 
40 

11,000 
10,700 
10,400 
10,000 

50 
60 
70 

9,800 
9,500 
9,200 

(d}      STONE   WORK,    IN   COMPRESSION. 

Stresses  in  Tons  of  Two  Thousand  Pounds  per  Square  Foot. 

First  quality  dressed  beds  and  builds,  laid  solid  in  mortar  of  one  part 
Portland  cement  to  three  parts  sand,  or  one  part  natural  cement  to  two 
parts  sand. 

Granite,  ........................  60 

Marble  and  limestone,  ..................  40 

Sandstone,  .......................  30 

In  cases  where  poorer  mortar  is  used,  to  avoid  stain  from  cement, 
stresses  shall  be  less  than  above,  and  must  be  approved  by  the  building 
commissioner. 

(e}      BRICKWORK   IN   COMPRESSION. 

Stresses  in  Tons  of  Two  Thousand  Pounds  per  Square  Foot. 

(1.)  For  first  class  work  of  hard-burned  bricks,  including  piers  in 
which  the  height  does  not  exceed  six  times  the  least  dimension,  laid 
in:  — 

(a)  One  part  Portland  cement,  three  parts  sand,  by  volume,  dry,  .......  20 

(6)  One  part  natural  cement,  two  parts  sand,  by  volume,  dry,  ........  18 

(c)  One  part  natural  cement,  one  part  lime  and  six  parts  sand,  by  volume,  dry,  12 

(d)  Lime  mortar,  one  part  lime,  six  parts  sand,  by  volume,  dry,    .......  8 

(2.)  For  brick  piers  of  hard-burned  bricks,  in  which  the  height  is  from 
six  to  twelve  times  the  least  dimension  :  — 

Mortar  (a),  .    ................    .....  18 

Mortar  (6),  ......    ................  15 

Mortar  (c),  ......................  10 

Mortar  (d),  ......................  7 

(3.)  For  brickwork  made  of  "  light-hard  "  bricks,  the  stresses  shall  not 
exceed  two  thirds  of  the  stresses  for  like  work  of  hard-burned  bricks. 


(/)      CONCRETE. 

When  the  structural  use  of  concrete  is  proposed,  a  specification,  stating 
the  quality  and  proportions  of  materials,  and  the  methods  of  mixing  the 
same,  shall  be  submitted  to  the  building  commissioner,  who  may  issue  a 


Acts  of  1907,  Chapter  550.  13 

permit  at  his  discretion  and  under  such  further  conditions,  in  addition 
to  those  stated  below,  as  he  sees  fit  to  impose. 

A.  In  first  class  Portland   cement   concrete,   containing  one   part 
cement  to  not  more  than  six  parts  mixed  properly  graded  aggregate, 
except  in  piers  or  columns  of  which  the  height  exceeds  six  times  the 
least  dimension,  the  compressive  stress  shall  not  exceed  thirty  tons  of 
two  thousand  pounds  per  square  foot. 

B.  In  piers  and  columns  of  first  class  Portland  cement  concrete,  con- 
taining one  part  cement  to  not  more  than  five  parts  mixed  properly 
graded  aggregate,  where  the  height  of  the  pier  or  column  is  more  than 
six  times  and  does  not  exceed  twelve  times  its  least  dimension,  the  com- 
pressive stress  shall  not  exceed  twenty-five  tons  of  two  thousand  pounds 
per  square  foot. 

By  "  aggregate  "  shall  be  understood  all  the  materials  in  the  concrete 
except  the  cement.  Cinders  concrete  shall  be  used  constructively  only 
for  floors,  roofs,  and  for  filling. 

Rules  for  the  computation  of  reinforced  concrete  columns  may  be  for- 
mulated from  time  to  time  by  the  building  commissioner  with  the 
approval  of  the  board  of  appeal. 

In  reinforced  concrete  beams  or  slabs  subjected  to  bending  stresses, 
the  entire  tensile  stress  shall  be  assumed  to  be  carried  by  the  steel, 
which  shall  not  be  stressed  above  the  limits  allowed  for  this  material. 
First  class  Portland  cement  concrete  in  such  beams  or  slabs,  containing 
one  part  cement  to  not  more  than  five  parts  mixed  properly  graded 
aggregate,  may  be  stressed  in  compression  to  not  more  than  five  hun- 
dred pounds  per  square  inch.  In  case  a  richer  concrete  is  used,  this 
stress  may  be  increased  with  the  approval  of  the  commissioner  to  not 
more  than  six  hundred  pounds  per  square  inch. 

In  reinforced  concrete  the  maximum  shearing  force  upon  the  concrete, 
when  uncombined  with  compression  upon  the  same  plane  shall  not  ex- 
ceed sixty  pounds  per  square  inch,  unless  the  building  commissioner 
with  the  consent  of  the  board  of  appeal  shall  fix  some  other  value. 

If  the  imbedded  steel  has  no  mechanical  bond  with  the  concrete,  its 
holding  power  shall  not  exceed  the  allowable  shearing  strength  of  the 
concrete. 

(0)       IN   GENERAL. 

Under  the  prescribed  loads,  beams  shall  be  so  proportioned  that  the 
deflection  shall  not  exceed  one  three  hundred  and  sixtieth  (3^)  of 
the  span. 

Stresses  for  materials  and  forms  of  material,  not  herein  mentioned, 
shall  be  determined  by  the  building  commissioner.  Provision  for  wind 
bracing  shall  be  made  wherever  it  is  necessary,  and  all  buildings  shall  be 
constructed  of  sufficient  strength  to  bear  with  safety  the  load  intended 
to  be  placed  thereon,  in  addition  to  the  weight  of  the  materials  used  in 
construction. 

No  cutting  for  piping  or  any  other  purpose  shall  be  done  which  would 
reduce  the  strength  of  any  part  of  the  structure  below  what  is  required 
by  the  provisions  of  this  act. 


14  Acts  of  1907,  Chapter  550. 

Quality  of  Materials. 

SECT.  15.  All  materials  shall  be  of  such  quality  for  the  purposes 
for  which  they  are  to  be  used  as  to  insure,  in  the  judgment  of  the  building 
commissioner,  ample  safety  and  security  to  life,  limb  and  neighboring 
property.  The  building  commissioner  shall  have  power  to  reject  all 
materials  which  in  his  opinion  are  unsuitable,  and  may  require  tests  to 
be  made  by  the  architect,  engineer,  builder  or  owner  to  determine  the 
strength  of  the  structural  materials  before  or  after  they  are  incorporated 
in  a  building,  and  may  require  certified  copies  of  results  of  tests  made 
elsewhere  from  the  architect,  engineer,  builder,  owner  or  other  interested 
persons. 

Hollow  cast  iron  columns,  if  used,  shall  be  shown  by  measurements 
and  tests  satisfactory  to  the  commissioner  to  be  of  practically  uniform 
thickness,  and  free  from  blow  holes. 

MORTARS. 

All  mortars  shall  be  made  with  such  proportion  of  sand  as  will  insure 
a  proper  degree  of  cohesion  and  tenacity,  and  secure  thorough  adhesion 
to  the  material  with  which  they  are  used,  and  the  building  commissioner 
shall  condemn  all  mortars  not  so  made. 

(a)  Mortar  below  the  level  of  water  shall  be  no  poorer  than  one  part 
Portland  cement  and  three  parts  sand; 

(6)  Mortar  for  first  class  buildings  shall,  for  the  lower  half  of  their 
height,  be  no  poorer  than  one  part  natural  cement  to  two  parts  sand; 
and,  for  the  upper  half,  no  poorer  than  one  part  of  natural  cement,  one 
half  part  of  lime,  and  three  parts  of  sand ;  * 

(c)  Mortar  for  second  class  buildings  and  for  such  parts  of  third  class 
buildings  as  are  below  the  level  of  the  sidewalk,  shall  be  no  poorer  than 
one  part  of  natural  cement,  one  of  lime,  and  four  of  sand; 

(d)  Mortar  for  third  class  buildings,  above  ground,  shall  be  no  poorer 
than  one  part  lime  and  four  parts  sand. 

The  building  commissioner  may  allow  lime  mortar  in  setting  stone 
where  cement  will  stain. 

CONCRETE. 

Concrete  shall  be  used  immediately  after  mixing;  it  shall  not  be  placed 
in  the  work  after  it  has  begun  to  harden;  and  it  shall  be  deposited  in  such 
manner  and  under  such  regulations  as  to  secure  a  compact  mass  of  the 
best  quality  for  the  proportions  used.  Forms  shall  remain  until  the 
concrete  has  hardened  so  as  to  be  able  to  carry  its  load  safely,  and  shall 
be  removed  without  jar. 

The  commissioner  may  require  an  applicant  for  a  permit  for  the 
structural  use  of  concrete  to  have  an  inspector  satisfactory  to  the  com- 
missioner at  all  times  on  the  work  while  concrete  is  being  mixed  or  de- 
posited, and  such  inspector  shall  make  daily  reports  to  the  commissioner 
on  the  progress  of  the  work. 

CEMENT. 

Cement  shall  conform  to  the  specifications  of  the  American  Associa- 
tion for  Testing  Materials,  as  modified  from  time  to  time  by  that 
association. 


Acts  of  1907,  Chapter  550.  15 


REINFORCED    CONCRETE. 

Reinforced  concrete  slabs,  beams  or  girders,  if  rendered  continuous 
over  supports  by  being  unbroken  in  section,  shall  be  provided  with 
proper  metal  reinforcement  at  the  top  over  said  supports  and  may  be 
computed  as  continuous  beams,  as  hereinafter  described. 

The  modulus  of  elasticity  of  the  concrete,  if  not  shown  by  direct  tests, 
may  for  beams  and  slabs  be  taken  as  one  fifteenth  that  of  steel,  and  for 
columns  one  tenth  that  of  steel. 

The  reinforcing  metal  shall  be  covered  by  not  less  than  three  fourths 
inch  of  concrete  in  slabs,  and  by  not  less  than  one  and  one  half  inches  of 
concrete  in  beams  and  columns. 

METHODS    OF    COMPUTATION. 

SECT.  16.  Beams  or  girders  of  metal  or  reinforced  concrete  shall  be 
considered  as  simply  supported  at  their  ends,  except  when  they  extend 
with  unbroken  cross-section  over  the  supports,  in  which  case  they  may 
be  considered  as  continuous. 

The  span  of  a  beam  shall  be  considered  as  the  distance  from  center  to 
center  of  the  bed  plates  or  surfaces  upon  which  it  rests.  If  it  is  fastened 
to  the  side  of  a  column,  the  span  shall  be  measured  to  the  centre  of  the 
column. 

In  slabs,  beams  or  girders  continuous  over  supports,  provision  shall  be 
made  for  a  negative  bending  moment  at  such  supports  equal  to  four 
fifths  of  the  positive  bending  moment  that  would  exist  at  the  centre  of 
the  span  if  the  piece  were  simply  supported;  and  the  positive  bending 
moment  at  the  centre  of  the  span  may  be  taken  equal  to  the  negative 
bending  moment  at  the  support. 

In  the  case  of  a  slab  of  reinforced  concrete  with  parallel  ribs  or  girders 
beneath,  the  rib  or  girder  may  be  considered  to  include  a  portion  of  the 
slab  between  the  ribs,  forming  a  T-beam.  The  width  of  the  T-beam  on 
top  shall  not  exceed  one  third  the  span  of  the  rib  nor  the  distance  from 
centre  to  centre  of  the  ribs. 

Reinforced  concrete  columns  shall  be  proportioned  on  the  assumption 
that  the  concrete  and  the  steel  are  shortened  in  length  in  the  same  pro- 
portion. The  steel  members  shall  be  tied  together  at  intervals  suffi- 
ciently short  to  prevent  buckling. 

If  a  column  is  loaded  excentrically  or  transversely,  the  maximum  fibre 
stress,  taking  account  of  the  direct  compression,  the  bending  which  it 
causes,  its  excentricity  and  the  transverse  load,  shall  not  exceed  the 
maximum  allowable  stress  in  compression. 

If  a  tension  piece  is  loaded  excentrically  or  transversely,  the  maximum 
fibre  stress,  taking  account  of  the  direct  tension,  its  excentricity  and  the 
transverse  load,  shall  not  exceed  the  maximum  allowable  stress  in  tension. 

An  excentric  load  upon  a  column  shall  be  considered  to  affect  excentri- 
cally only  the  length  of  column  extending  to  the  next  point  below  at 
which  the  column  is  held  securely  in  the  direction  of  the  excentricity. 

If  a  piece  is  exposed  to  tension  and  compression  at  different  times,  it 
shall  be  proportioned  to  resist  the  maximum  of  each  kind,  but  the  unit 
stresses  shall  be  less  than  those  used  for  stress  of  one  kind,  depending 
upon  the  ratio  and  the  relative  frequence  of  the  two  maxima. 


16  Acts  of  1907,  Chapter  550. 

Net  sections  shall  be  used  in  proportioning  steel  tension  members, 
and  in  deducting  rivet  holes  they  shall  be  taken  as  one  eighth  of  an  inch 
greater  in  diameter  than  the  rivets. 

The  length  of  a  steel  compression  member  between  supports  in  any 
direction  shall  not  exceed  one  hundred  and  twenty  times  its  radius  of 
gyration  about  an  axis  perpendicular  to  that  direction. 

The  webs  of  plate  girders  shall  be  proportioned  to  resist  buckling  in 
cases  where  they  are  not  supported  laterally,  according  to  the  formula :  — 

15,000 


1     d2 
3,000  t2 

in  which  t  =  thickness  of  web,  in  inches;  d  =  clear,  unsupported  dimen- 
sion horizontally  or  vertically,  whichever  is  the  lesser. 

In  proportioning  the  flanges  of  plate  girders,  one  eighth  of  the  gross 
area  of  the  web  may  be  considered  as  available  in  each  flange.  If  the 
length  of  the  top  flange  unsupported  laterally  exceeds  twenty  times  its 
width,  the  allowable  stress  shall  be  reduced,  as  in  the  case  of  rolled  beams. 

Pins  shall  be  computed  by  assuming  the  forces  in  the  bars  to  act  at  the 
centre  of  the  bearing  areas. 

In  riveted  trusses  the  centre  of  gravity  lines  of  members  coming  to- 
gether at  a  joint  shall,  if  possible,  intersect  at  a  point.  Excentricity  due 
to  a  non-fulfillment  of  this  rule  shall  be  allowed  for  in  the  computations. 
The  centre  of  gravity  of  the  rivets  connecting  one  piece  to  another  shall, 
in  general,  lie  as  nearly  as  practicable  in  the  centre  of  gravity  line  of  the 
piece. 

CLASSIFICATION. 

First  and  Second  Class  Buildings. 

SECT.  17.  Every  building  over  seventy-five  feet  in  height  hereafter 
erected  or  raised  and  every  house  adapted  for  habitation  more  than  five 
stories  in  height  and  exceeding  sixty-five  feet  above  the  basement  or 
covering  more  than  five  thousand  superficial  square  feet  on  the  ground 
floor,  regardless  of  height,  shall  be  constructed  as  a  first  class  building; 
and  all  other  houses  may,  except  as  herein  otherwise  provided,  be  of 
second  or  third  class  construction. 

New  buildings  adapted  for  habitations,  and  not  more  than  five  stories 
above  the  cellar  or  basement,  may  be  erected  of  second  class  construc- 
tion, but  no  such  building  shall  exceed  five  thousand  square  feet  in  super- 
ficial area  or  sixty-five  feet  in  height.  The  first  story  or  basement,  or 
both  the  first  story  and  basement,  in  such  buildings,  so  constructed, 
altered,  remodelled  or  enlarged,  may  be  used  for  mercantile  purposes, 
provided,  that  the  walls  and  ceilings  surrounding  the  areas  so  used  shall 
be  fire-stopped  to  the  satisfaction  of  the  commissioner. 

New  buildings,  of  concrete,  concrete  blocks  or  brick,  not  over  three 
stories  in  height,  adapted  for  the  occupancy  of  a  single  family  and 
having  a  superficial  area  of  not  more  than  twelve  hundred  square  feet, 
may  be  constructed  with  external  and  party  or  division  walls  of  eight 
inches  in  thickness:  provided,  however,  that  where  the  party  wall  of  a 
building  thus  constructed  joins  or  becomes  the  party  wall  of  another 


Acts  of  1907,  Chapter  550.  17 

such  building,  the  floor  timbers  in  each  of  such  buildings  shall  be  so 
spaced  or  protected  that  their  ends  shall  not  approach  nearer  than  within 
eight  inches  of  each  other. 

Restriction  of  Areas. 

Any  first  class  building  used  above  the  first  floor  as  a  warehouse  or 
store  for  the  storage  or  sale  of  merchandise  shall  have  all  vertical  open- 
ings protected  by  fireproof  enclosures.  Such  enclosures  shall,  if  enclos- 
ing stairs  or  escalators,  have  automatic  doors,  and  all  glass  in  said 
enclosure  shall  be  wire  glass. 

Such  buildings  shall  so  be  divided  by  brick  walls  built  like  party  walls 
with  the  same  openings  allowed,  that  no  space  inside  such  buildings  shall 
exceed  in  area  ten  thousand  square  feet,  except  that  when  any  such 
building  has  a  frontage  of  not  less  than  fifty  feet  on  each  of  two  streets, 
such  space  may  exceed  ten  thousand  square  feet  in  area,  provided  that 
buildings  in  which  such  extension  of  area  beyond  ten  thousand  square 
feet  is  permitted  shall  have  automatic  fire  sprinklers  installed,  and  means 
of  ingress  and  egress  satisfactory  to  the  commissioner  and  the  board  of 
appeal. 

Second  class  buildings  used  above  the  first  floor  as  warehouses  or 
stores  for  the  storage  or  sale  of  merchandise  shall  so  be  divided  by  brick 
walls,  built  like  party  walls  with  the  same  openings  allowed,  that  no 
space  inside  such  buildings  shall  exceed  in  area  ten  thousand  square  feet, 
and  no  existing  wall  in  any  second  class  building  shall  be  removed  so  as  to 
leave  an  area  of  more  than  ten  thousand  square  feet,  nor  shall  any  exist- 
ing wall,  separating  areas  which  combined  would  exceed  ten  thousand 
square  feet  in  area,  have  openings  cut  in  it  greater  in  area  or  number  than 
is  allowed  by  this  act  for  party  walls. 

Every  second  class  building  more  than  three  stories  high  and  used 
above  the  first  floor  as  a  warehouse  or  store  for  the  storage  or  sale  of 
merchandise  shall  have  all  vertical  openings  for  elevators  and  stairways, 
air  or  light  shafts,  through  its  floors  protected  by  fireproof  enclosures. 
Such  enclosures  shall  be  supported  on  fireproof  supports  and  framing, 
and  shall,  if  enclosing  stairs  or  escalators,  have  automatic  doors,  and  all 
glass  in  said  enclosures  shall  be  wire  glass. 

No  building  used  above  the  first  floor  for  the  storage  or  sale  of  mer- 
chandise shall  have  less  than  two  means  of  egress  from  every  story,  one 
of  which  means  may  be  either  an  outside  fire  escape  or  through  a  brick 
wall  closed  by  automatic  doors  into  a  building  of  the  same  class;  except 
that  an  independent  monumental  stairway  extending  from  the  basement 
to  the  second  floor  may  be  constructed. 

Buildings  for  Manufacturing  Purposes. 

Buildings  outside  the  building  limits  and  adapted  exclusively  for 
manufacturing,  storage,  mechanical  or  stable  purposes,  may  be  built 
under  such  conditions  as  the  commissioner  shall  prescribe.  If  of  wood 
such  buildings  shall  not  exceed  forty-five  feet  in  height. 


18  Acts  of  1907,  Chapter  550. 

CONSTRUCTION. 

Height. 

SECT.  18.  No  building,  structure  or  part  thereof  shall  be  of  a  height 
exceeding  two  and  one  half  times  the  width  of  the  widest  street  on  which 
the  building  or  structure  stands,  whether  such  street  is  a  public  street  or 
place  or  a  private  way,  nor  exceeding  one  hundred  and  twenty-five  feet 
in  any  case.  The  width  of  such  street,  place  or  private  way  shall  be 
measured  from  the  face  of  the  building  or  structure  to  the  line  of  the 
street  on  the  other  side.  If  the  street  is  of  uneven  width,  the  width  shall 
be  the  average  width  of  the  part  of  the  street  opposite  the  building  or 
structure;  if  the  effective  width  of  the  street  is  increased  by  an  area  or 
setback,  the  space  between  the  face  of  the  main  building  and  the  law- 
fully established  line  of  the  street  may  be  built  upon  to  the  height  of  two 
and  one  half  times  the  width  of  the  street. 

All  buildings  or  structures  hereafter  erected  in  any  part  of  the  city 
shall  be  subject  to  the  restrictions  imposed  by  chapter  four  hundred  and 
fifty-two  of  the  acts  of  the  year  eighteen  hundred  and  ninety-eight,  by 
chapter  five  hundred  and  forty-three  of  the  acts  of  the  year  nineteen 
hundred  and  two,  by  chapter  three  hundred  and  eighty-three  of  the  acts 
of  the  year  nineteen  hundred  and  five,  and  by  chapter  four  hundred  and 
sixteen  of  the  acts  of  the  year  nineteen  hundred  and  seven,  so  far  as  the 
restrictions  imposed  by  said  acts  relate  to  the  districts  described  therein; 
and  shall  also  be  subject  to  any  restrictions  lawfully  imposed  by  the  park 
commissioners  of  said  city. 

Excavations. 

SECT.  19.  All  excavations  shall  so  be  protected,  by  sheet  piling  if 
necessary,  by  the  persons  causing  the  same  to  be  made,  that  the  adjoining 
soil  shall  not  cave  in  by  reason  of  its  own  weight.  It  shall  be  the  duty  of 
the  owner  of  every  building  to  furnish,  or  cause  to  be  furnished,  such 
support  that  his  building  shall  not  be  endangered  by  any  excavation: 
provided,  that  the  owner  of  any  building  which  is  endangered  by  an 
excavation  carried  by  an  adjoining  owner  more  than  ten  feet  below  the 
grade  of  the  street  may  recover  the  expense  so  caused  of  supporting  such 
building  from  the  persons  causing  such  excavation  to  be  made.  All  per- 
manent excavations  shall  be  protected  by  retaining  walls.  In  case  of 
any  failure  to  comply  with  the  provisions  of  this  section  the  commis- 
sioner may  enter  upon  the  premises  and  may  furnish  such  support  as  the 
circumstances  may  require.  Any  expense  so  incurred  may  be  recovered 
by  the  city  from  the  persons  required  by  law  to  furnish  the  support. 

Piling. 

SECT.  20.  All  buildings  shall,  if  the  commissioner  determines  that 
piling  is  necessary,  be  constructed  on  foundation  piles  which,  if  of  wood, 
shall  be  not  more  than  three  feet  apart  on  centres  in  the  direction  of  the 
wall,  and  the  number,  diameter  and  bearing  of  such  piles  shall  be  suffi- 
cient to  support  the  superstructure  proposed.  The  commissioner  shall 
determine  the  grade  at  which  the  piles  shall  be  cut.  The  commissioner 
may  require  any  applicant  for  a  permit  to  ascertain  by  boring  the  nature 
of  the  ground  on  which  he  proposes  to  build,  and  he  may  require  an 


Acts  of  1907,  Chapter  550.  19 

inspector  satisfactory  to  the  commissioner  to  be  at  all  times  on  the  work 
while  piles  are  being  driven,  who  shall  keep  an  accurate  record  of  the 
length  of  each  pile,  the  weight  and  fall  of  the  hammer,  and  the  penetra- 
tion of  each  pile  for  each  of  the  last  two  blows  of  the  hammer. 

Plain  concrete  piles  shall  be  made  in  place  by  methods  which  are  rea- 
sonably certain  to  secure  perfect,  full  sized  piles.  Reinforced  concrete 
piles  if  properly  designed  to  resist  the  shock  of  driving,  and  if  driven 
with  a  cushion  to  lessen  the  shock  or  by  a  water  jet,  may  be  molded, 
allowed  to  harden,  and  then  driven  in  place. 

In  case  concrete  piles  are  used,  whether  reinforced  or  not,  their  bearing 
power  shall  be  determined  by  putting  in  one  or  more  test  piles  and 
loading  them  after  the  concrete  has  hardened.  The  load  allowed  shall 
not  be  more  than  one  half  the  load  under  which  the  pile  begins  to  settle. 
In  no  case,  however,  shall  the  load  on  a  concrete  pile  exceed  that  specified 
herein  for  concrete  in  columns.  Concrete  for  piles  shall  have  not  more 
than  five  parts  of  properly  made  and  mixed  aggregate  to  one  part  of 
Portland  cement;  and  the  aggregate  shall  all  be  capable  of  passing 
through  a  one  inch  ring. 

All  wood  piles  shall  be  capped  with  block  granite  levellers,  each  leveller 
having  a  firm  bearing  on  the  pile  or  piles  which  it  covers,  or  with  first 
class  Portland  cement  concrete,  not  less  than  sixteen  inches  thick,  above 
the  pile  caps,  containing  one  part  of  cement  to  not  more  than  six  parts  of 
properly  graded  aggregate  of  stone  and  sand,  the  concrete  to  be  filled  in 
around  the  pile  heads  upon  the  intervening  earth. 

Foundations  of  First  and  Second  Class  Buildings. 

SECT.  21.  Foundations  of  first  and  second  class  buildings  may  be  of 
brick,  stone  or  concrete.  The  thickness  shall  be  as  stated  in  section 
twenty-three.  Foundations  of  rubble  stone  shall  be  allowed  only  under 
buildings  less  than  forty-five  feet  in  height  and  for  a  depth  of  less  than 
ten  feet. 

The  walls  and  piers  of  every  building  shall  have  a  foundation,  the 
bearing  of  which  shall  be  not  less  than  four  feet  below  any  adjoining 
surface  exposed  to  the  frost,  and  such  foundation,  with  the  superstruc- 
ture which  it  supports,  shall  not  overload  the  material  on  which  it  rests. 

Cellars. 

SECT.  22.  The  cellar  of  every  building,  where  the  grade  or  nature 
of  the  ground  so  requires,  shall  be  sufficiently  protected  from  water  and 
damp  by  a  bed  at  least  two  inches  thick  over  the  whole,  of  concrete, 
cement  and  gravel,  tar  and  gravel,  or  asphalt,  or  by  bricks  laid  in  cement. 
No  cellar  or  basement  floor  of  any  building  shall  be  constructed  below 
the  grade  of  twelve  feet  above  mean  low  water,  unless  such  cellar  is  made 
waterproof  to  the  satisfaction  of  the  commissioner.  All  metal  founda- 
tions and  all  constructional  metal  work  underground  shall  be  protected 
from  dampness  by  concrete,  or  by  other  material  approved  by  the 
commissioner. 

Thickness  of  Walls. 

SECT.  23.  Except  as  provided  in  section  seventeen,  the  external  walls 
above  the  foundation  of  houses  for  habitation  of  first  or  second  class  con- 
struction, and  not  exceeding  sixteen  hundred  square  feet  in  area  and  not 


CM  ENGINEERING 


20  Acts  of  1907,  Chapter  550. 

over  three  stories  high,  shall  be  not  less  than  eight  inches  thick  for 
external  walls  and  not  less  than  twelve  inches  thick  for  party  walls.  In 
case  any  part  of  such  building  is  adapted  for  any  use  other  than  habita- 
tion, all  walls  shall  be  not  less  than  twelve  inches  thick.  All  other 
houses  for  habitation,  not  exceeding  five  thousand  feet  in  superficial  area 
and  not  exceeding  five  stories  or  sixty-five  feet  in  height,  above  the  base- 
ment, shall  have  all  walls  not  less  than  twelve  inches  thick. 

The  external  and  party  walls  of  every  building  of  the  first  or  second 
class,  except  houses  for  habitation,  less  than  sixty-five  feet  in  height  shall 
be  twelve  inches  thick  in  the  upper  two  stories  not  exceeding  twenty-five 
feet  in  height.  In  the  section  of  two  stories,  but  not  exceeding  twenty- 
five  feet  next  below,  the  walls  shall  be  sixteen  inches  thick.  In  the  next 
lower  section  of  three  stories,  but  not  exceeding  thirty-seven  feet,  the 
walls  shall  be  twenty  inches  thick,  and  in  each  succeeding  section  of  three 
stories,  but  not  exceeding  thirty-seven  feet  or  any  part  thereof,  the  walls 
shall  be  four  inches  thicker  than  the  section  next  above  it.  The  founda- 
tion walls  shall  be  at  least  four  inches  thicker  than  the  required  thickness 
of  the  walls  of  the  first  story.  The  thickness  herein  given  shall  apply  to 
all  masonry  walls  unless  they  are  reinforced  by  a  frame  or  skeleton  of 
steel. 

In  reckoning  the  thickness  of  walls,  ashlar  shall  not  be  included  unless 
the  walls  are  at  least  sixteen  inches  thick  and  the  ashlar  is  at  least  eight 
inches  thick,  or  unless  alternate  courses  are  at  least  four  and  eight  inches 
to  allow  bonding  with  the  backing.  Ashlar  shall  be  properly  held  by 
metal  clamps  to  the  backing  or  properly  bonded  to  the  same. 

Anchors. 

SECT.  24.  All  walls  of  a  first  or  second  class  building  meeting  at?an 
angle  shall  be  securely  bonded,  or  shall  be  united  every  five  feet  of  their 
height  by  anchors  made  of  at  least  two  inches  by  half  an  inch  of  steel  or 
wrought  iron,  well  painted,  and  securely  built  into  the  side  or  partition 
walls  not  less  than  thirty-six  inches,  and  into  the  front  and  rear  walls 
at  least  one  half  the  thickness  of  such  walls. 


Brickwork  —  Bonding. 

SECT.  25.  Every  eighth  course,  at  least,  of  a  brick  wall  shall  be  a 
full  heading  or  bonding  course,  except  where  walls  are  faced  with  face 
brick,  in  which  case  in  every  eighth  course  at  least  every  other  brick  shall 
be  a  full  header.  No  diagonal  header  ties  shall  be  used. 

Vaulted  Walls. 

SECT.  26.  If  the  air  spaces  are  headed  over  and  the  walls  are  built 
solid  for  at  least  three  courses  below  the  floor  and  roof  beams,  walls,  if  of 
brick,  may  be  built  hollow.  They  shall  contain,  exclusive  of  withes,  the 
same  amount  of  material  as  is  required  for  solid  walls,  and  the  masonry 
on  the  inside  of  the  air  space  in  walls  over  two  stories  in  height  shall  be 
not  less  than  eight  inches  thick,  and  the  parts  on  either  side  shall  be 
securely  tied  together  with  ties  not  more  than  two  feet  apart  in  each 
direction. 


Acts  of  1907,  Chapter  550.  21 


Walls  Framed  with  Iron  or  Steel. 

SECT.  27.  Walls  may  be  built  in  part  of  iron  or  steel  or  with  a 
reinforced  concrete  or  metal  framework.  In  such  metal  framework  the 
beams  and  girders  shall  be  riveted  to  each  other  at  their  respective  junc- 
tion points.  If  columns  made  of  rolled  iron  or  steel  are  used,  their 
different  parts  shall  be  riveted  to  each  other,  and  the  beams  and  girders 
resting  upon  them  shall,  if  possible,  have  riveted  connections  to  unite 
them  with  the  columns.  If  cast  iron  columns  are  used,  each  successive 
column  shall  be  bolted  to  the  one  below  it  by  at  least  four  bolts  not  less 
than  three  fourths  of  an  inch  in  diameter,  and  the  beams  and  girders 
shall  be  bolted  to  the  columns.  At  each  line  of  floor  or  roof  beams,  lat- 
eral connections  between  the  ends  of  the  beams  and  girders  shall  be  made 
in  such  manner  as  rigidly  to  connect  the  beams  and  girders  with  each 
other  in  the  direction  of  their  length. 

All  party  walls  of  skeleton  construction  shall  have  curtain  walls  of 
brick,  not  less  than  twelve  inches  thick. 

All  outside  walls  of  skeleton  construction  shall  have  curtain  walls 
which  may  be  of  masonry,  terra-cotta,  concrete,  or  reinforced  concrete, 
constructed  and  supported  under  such  conditions  as  the  commissioner 
shall  prescribe. 

If  the  metal  or  other  framework  is  so  designed  that  the  enclosing  walls 
do  not  carry  the  weight  of  floors  or  roof,  then  the  walls  shall  be  of  ma- 
sonry or  concrete  construction  and  shall  be  thoroughly  anchored  to  the 
iron  skeleton,  and  whenever  the  weight  of  such  walls  rests  upon  beams  or 
columns,  such  beams  or  columns  shall  be  made  strong  enough  in  each 
story  to  carry  the  weight  of  wall  resting  upon  them  without  reliance  upon 
the  walls  below  them. 

Party  Walls  Above  Roof. 

SECT.  28.  In  buildings  less  than  forty-five  feet  in  height  all  party 
walls  shall  be  built  to  a  height  at  least  twelve  inches  above  the  roof 
covering,  and  shall  be  capped  with  stone,  cement  or  metal  securely  fas- 
tened to  the  masonry.  In  all  other  buildings  such  walls  shall  be  carried 
thirty  inches  above  the  roof. 

Walls  —  Cornices. 

SECT.  29.  Where  a  wall  is  finished  with  a  stone  cornice,  the  greatest 
weight  of  material  of  such  cornice  shall  be  on  the  inside  of  the  face  of 
the  wall.  All  cornices  of  second  class  buildings  shall  be  of  brick  or 
covered  with  fireproof  material,  and  the  walls  shall  be  carried  up  to  the 
boarding  of  the  roof;  and  where  the  cornice  projects  above  the  roof  the 
masonry  shall  be  carried  up  to  the  top  of  the  cornice  and  covered  with 
metal,  like  parapet  walls. 

Piers  and  Hearths. 

SECT.  30.  Piers  and  walls  shall  have  caps  or  plates,  where  they  are 
needed,  sufficient  properly  to  distribute  the  load. 

Hearths  shall  be  supported  by  trimmer  arches  of  brick  or  stone;  or 
shall  be  of  single  stones  at  least  six  inches  thick,  built  into  the  chimney 


22  Acts  of  1907,  Chapter  550. 

and  supported  by  iron  beams,  one  end  of  which  shall  be  securely  built 
into  the  masonry  of  a  chimney  or  of  an  adjoining  wall,  or  which  shall 
otherwise  rest  upon  an  incombustible  support.  Brick  jambs  of  every 
fireplace,  range  or  grate  opening  shall  be  at  least  eight  inches  wide  each, 
and  the  backs  of  such  openings  shall  be  at  least  eight  inches  thick. 
Hearths  and  trimmer  arches  shall  be  at  least  twelve  inches  longer  on 
either  side  than  the  width  of  such  openings,  and  at  least  eighteen  inches 
wide  in  front  of  the  chimney  breast.  Brickwork  over  fireplaces  and  grate 
openings  shall  be  supported  by  proper  iron  bars,  or  brick  or  stone  arches. 

Walls  —  Doorways  in  Party  Walls. 

SECT.  31.  Openings  for  doorways  in  party  walls  shall  not  exceed 
one  hundred  square  feet  each  in  area,  and  each  opening  shall  have  two 
sets  of  fire  doors  separated  by  the  thickness  of  the  wall,  hung  in  a  manner 
satisfactory  to  the  commissioner,  except  that  the  aggregate  width  of  all 
openings  in  any  story  shall  not  exceed  fifty  per  cent  of  the  length  of  the 
wall  in  which  such  openings  occur.  Openings,  not  exceeding  one 
hundred  and  forty-four  square  inches,  constructed  and  protected  as  shall 
be  approved  by  a  writing  signed  by  the  fire  commissioner,  and  filed  with 
the  commissioner,  may  be  permitted  in  any  wall  or  floor. 

Fire  Protection. 

SECT.  32.  All  structural  metal  supporting  or  forming  part  of  the 
frame,  floors,  roof  or  columns  of  any  building,  except  as  otherwise  ex- 
empted in  this  act,  shall  be  protected  against  the  effect  of  heat. 

This  protection  shall  consist  of  concrete,  or  of  porous  terra-cotta  or 
brick  set  in  cement  mortar.  When  block  construction  is  used,  it  shall 
be  clamped  in  place  with  steel  clamps,  or  wrapped  securely  with  number 
twelve  galvanized-iron  wire  or  metal  lathing  in  such  manner  as  to  hold 
each  block  in  place,  and  shall  be  plastered  with  lime  or  other  mortar  at 
least  three  fourths  of  an  inch  thick  in  addition  to  the  protection. 

The  protection  on  all  floor  and  roof  beams  shall  be  at  least  one  inch 
thick,  on  all  floor  and  roof  girders  and  on  all  beams  carrying  masonry 
at  least  one  inch  thick  on  top  and  two  inches  thick  elsewhere,  on  all 
columns  carrying  only  floors  three  inches,  and  on  all  columns  built  into  or 
carrying  walls  four  inches. 

If  terra-cotta  blocks  are  used  for  protection,  such  blocks  may  be  hol- 
low, but  each  face  shall  be  solid,  and  no  flange  shall  be  less  than  one  inch 
thick. 

Plaster  on  wire  or  metal  lath  shall  not  be  considered  as  a  fire  protection 
for  steel  or  iron  structural  members,  but  may  be  used  with  an  air  space 
under  arches  as  a  suspended  ceiling,  provided  that  such  arches  have  at 
least  one  inch  of  thickness  of  fireproofing  under  the  flanges  in  addition 
to  such  ceiling,  and  that  the  metal  lath  and  plaster  are  suspended  sep- 
arately from  the  arches  and  are  not  less  than  one  inch  below  the  same. 

All  protection  shall  be  applied  directly  to  the  metal  work  and  shall  not 
be  broken  into  nor  interrupted  by  any  pipes,  wires,  chases  or  conduits  of 
any  kind. 

About  isolated  columns  on  the  exterior  of  buildings,  the  thickness  of 
protection  may  be  reduced  to  one  inch,  when  the  same  is  covered  with  an 
outer  shell  of  cast  iron  or  steel. 

When  a  column  or  girder  is  formed  of  built-up  shapes,  the   spaces 


Acts  of  1907,  Chapter  550.  23 

between  flanges  shall  be  filled  solid  with  protecting  material,  but  this 
protection  need  not  extend  more  than  one  inch  beyond  the  edges  of 
projecting  angles,  bars  or  channels.  The  protection  shall  cover  all  lugs, 
brackets,  braces,  etc. 

The  metal  work  of  all  trusses  carrying  masonry  or  floor  loads  shall  be 
protected,  as  hereinbefore  described,  but  said  provisions  shall  not  apply 
to  trusses  which  carry  roof  load  only. 

When  a  wall  or  partition  is  formed  with  a  framework  of  angles,  chan- 
nels, or  other  built-up  shapes,  and  such  wall  or  partition  is  filled  in  flush 
with  both  faces  of  the  frame  with  terra-cotta  blocks,  additional  pro- 
tection may  be  omitted. 

The  above  requirements  as  to  fireproofing  shall  not  apply  to  iron  or 
steel  in  second  or  third  class  buildings  in  any  case  in  which  the  use  of 
wood  without  fire  protection  would  be  permissible  under  this  act. 

In  work  in  connection  with  alterations  of  existing  buildings,  the  char- 
acter and  amount  of  protection  for  steel  and  ironwork  shall  be  made 
satisfactory  to  the  commissioner. 

In  positions  where  the  protection  of  isolated  or  exposed  columns  is 
likely  to  be  broken  or  damaged  by  trucks  or  merchandise,  there  shall  be 
outside  of  the  protection  a  guard  at  least  five  feet  high  of  iron  or  wood, 
bound  with  wire  or  steel  so  as  to  be  self-supporting. 

Spaces  between  and  behind  all  studding  or  furring  shall  be  filled  solid 
with  bricks  and  mortar  or  other  fireproof  material  for  a  space  of  five 
inches  in  height  above  the  floor  beams  or  plaster  grounds.  Spaces 
between  the  strap  furring  on  brick  walls  shall  be  filled  solid  with  mortar 
for  five  inches  below  the  bottom  of  the  floor  beams.  The  spaces  between 
stringers  of  stairs  and  joists  of  landings,  unless  unceiled  or  of  fireproof 
construction,  shall  be  stopped  solid  with  wood,  brick  or  terra-cotta  or 
other  approved  material  as  often  as  twice  in  each  flight  of  stairs.  The 
spaces  between  floor  beams  on  bearing  partitions  shall  be  stopped  in  a 
similar  manner. 

In  every  building  of  second  or  third  class  construction  each  floor  shall 
be  thoroughly  stopped  by  a  continuous  layer  of  asbestos  fabric,  magneso 
calcite  or  other  fire-resisting  material  approved  by  the  commissioner. 

The  tops  of  all  heating  furnaces  and  smoke  pipes  shall  be  at  least  one 
foot  below  the  nearest  wooden  beams  or  ceiling.  All  ceilings  imme- 
diately over  a  furnace  or  boiler,  and  for  six  feet  on  each  side  thereof,  and 
all  ceilings  over  indirect  radiators  shall,  except  under  fireproof  floors,  be 
metal  lathed  and  plastered. 

All  hot-air  register  boxes  in  the  floors  or  partitions  of  buildings  shall 
be  set  in  soapstone  or  equally  fireproof  borders  not  less  than  two  inches 
in  width,  shall  be  made  of  tin  plate,  and  shall  have  double  pipes  and 
boxes  properly  fitted  to  the  soapstone.  Hot-air  pipes  and  register 
boxes  shall  be  at  least  one  inch  from  any  woodwork,  and  register  boxes 
shall  be  fifteen  inches  by  twenty-five  inches,  or  larger,  and  their  con- 
necting pipes  shall  be  two  inches  from  any  woodwork.  If  indirect  hot 
water  or  indirect  steam  heat  is  used,  the  commissioner  may  modify  or 
dispense  with  the  foregoing  requirements. 

Fireproof  Partitions. 

SECT.  33.  Partitions  in  buildings  of  first  class  construction  shall  be 
constructed  of  plastering  applied  to  metal  lathing,  or  to  plaster  boards. 


24  .     Acts  of  1907,  Chapter  550. 

or  to  hollow  blocks  composed  of  cement,  plaster,  or  terra-cotta.  When 
block  construction  is  used  it  shall  be  self-supporting  above  all  openings, 
thoroughly  bonded  and  set  in  Portland  cement.  The  blocks  shall  start 
from  the  floor  and  shall  be  continuous  to  the  floor  above,  except  that  in 
the  upper  story,  where  there  is  a  space  between  the  ceiling  of  the  top 
story  and  the  roof,  these  partitions  need  not  extend  above  the  ceiling.  If 
plastered  on  both  sides  the  blocks  shall  be  not  less  than  four  inches  thick 
up  to  a  height  of  fifteen  feet,  and  shall  be  increased  one  inch  for  every 
additional  eight  feet  or  fraction  thereof.  The  thickness  of  webs  shall  be 
not  less  than  three  fourths  of  an  inch. 

If  partitions  are  not  plastered  on  both  sides,  the  thickness  of  blocks 
shall  be  one  inch  greater  than  as  specified  above. 

Timbers  in  Walls  of  Second  Class  Buildings. 

SECT.  34.  The  ends  of  all  wooden  floor  or  roof  beams  in  second  class 
buildings  shall  enter  the  wall  to  a  depth  of  at  least  four  inches.  When 
the  wall  is  eight  inches  thick  it  shall  be  corbelled  or  the  beams  shall 
be  hung  in  metal  hangers;  and  the  ends  of  all  such  beams  shall  so  be 
shaped  or  arranged  that  in  case  of  fire  they  may  fall  without  injury  to 
the  wall. 

Alteration  of  Existing  Buildings. 

SECT.  35.  Any  building,  except  those  of  third  class  construction 
within  the  building  limits,  having  not  more  than  five  floors  above  the 
mean  grade  of  all  the  sidewalks,  may  be  altered,  remodelled  or  enlarged 
for  use  as  a  house  for  habitation  using  second  class  construction. 

The  first  story  or  basement,  or  both  the  first  story  and  basement,  in 
such  buildings  may  be  used  for  mercantile  purposes,  provided  that  the 
walls  and  ceilings  surrounding  the  area  so  used  shall  be  fire-stopped  to 
the  satisfaction  of  the  commissioner. 

The  height  of  any  such  building  shall  not  be  increased  unless  the  walls 
and  foundations  conform  to  the  provisions  of  this  act.  The  number  of 
stories  of  such  a  building  shall  not  exceed  five  above  the  cellar  or  base- 
ment. 

Every  such  building,  more  than  thirty-three  feet  in  height,  so  altered, 
remodelled  or  enlarged,  shall  be  provided  with  at  least  two  independent 
exits  satisfactory  to  the  commissioner. 

Every  such  building,  so  altered,  remodelled  or  enlarged,  shall  have,  in 
addition  to  the  exposure  on  the  widest  street,  an  exposure  as  long  as  the 
average  width  of  the  building,  upon  a  space  open  from  the  ground  to  the 
sky,  at  least  ten  feet  wide  for  the  first  three  stories,  and  increasing  in 
width  five  feet  for  the  next  two  stories.  If  the  proposed  building  is  more 
than  five  stories  in  height,  said  space  shall  be  twenty  feet :  provided,  that 
if  the  basement  and  first  story  are  adapted  or  enlarged  for  use  for  mer- 
cantile purposes,  the  exposure  required  by  this  section  shall  not  apply  to 
that  part  of  the  building;  and  provided,  also,  that  sufficient  space  be 
retained  on  the  lot  for  the  storage  of  ashes  and  garbage. 

Such  exposure  may  be  either  upon  private  or  public  ways,  or  upon 
land  which  is  dedicated  for  the  use  of  the  building,  and  may  be  divided 
and  placed  as  approved  by  the  building  commissioner. 

These  spaces  shall  remain  undiminished  so  long  as  the  building  is  used 
for  habitation. 


Acts  of  1907,  Chapter  550.  25 

If  the  building  is  situated  on  the  corner  of  streets  or  private  ways  not 
less  than  ten  feet  wide  the  commissioner  may  approve  the  omission  of  the 
whole  or  part  of  this  additional  exposure. 

If  in  the  opinion  of  the  commissioner  the  alteration  proposed  to  be 
made  in  a  building  is  of  such  extent  as,  when  done,  to  produce  a  practi- 
cally new  structure  or  to  impair  the  stability  or  increase  the  fire  risk  of 
the  structure  as  a  whole,  then  the  whole  structure  shall  be  made  to  con- 
form to  the  provisions  of  this  act  for  a  new  structure  of  the  same  class. 
A  building  damaged  by  fire  or  other  casualty  may  be  repaired  or  restored 
so  as  to  conform  to  its  original  condition,  or  may  be  reconstructed  in 
some  or  all  of  its  parts,  so  as  to  conform  to  the  requirements  of  this  act 
for  new  buildings,  as  the  commissioner  may  specify  in  his  permit. 

Every  living  room  in  a  building  adapted  for  habitation  shall  have  a 
window  on  the  open  air  of  an  area  not  less  than  ten  square  feet  and  dis- 
tant in  a  three  story  building  not  less  than  six  feet  from  any  opposite 
wall;  distant  in  a  four  story  building  not  less  than  eight  feet  from  any 
opposite  wall ;  distant  in  a  five  story  building  not  less  than  ten  feet  from 
any  opposite  wall.  This  shall  not  apply  to  the  construction  of  third  class 
buildings,  except  the  provision  for  a  window  on  the  open  air  of  an  area. 

The  exposure  required  under  this  section  shall  apply  to  all  buildings 
hereafter  constructed  adapted  for  habitation,  except  as  is  otherwise  pro- 
vided for  tenement  houses. 

Floors  —  Loads. 

SECT.  36.  All  new  or  renewed  floors  and  stairs  shall  be  so  con- 
structed as  to  carry  safely  the  weight  to  which  the  proposed  use  of  the 
building  may  subject  them,  and  every  permit  granted  shall  state  for  what 
purpose  the  building  is  designed  to  be  used;  but  the  least  capacity  per 
superficial  square  foot,  exclusive  of  materials,  shall  be:  — 

For  floors  of  houses  for  habitation,  fifty  pounds. 

For  office  floors  and  for  public  rooms  of  hotels  and  houses  exceeding 
five  hundred  square  feet,  one  hundred  pounds. 

For  floors  of  retail  stores  and  public  buildings,  except  schoolhouses,  or 
for  light  manufacturing,  one  hundred  and  twenty-five  pounds. 

For  floors  of  schoolhouses,  other  than  floors  of  assembly  rooms,  sixty 
pounds,  and  for  floors  of  assembly  rooms,  one  hundred  and  twenty-five 
pounds. 

For  floors  of  drill  rooms,  dance  halls  and  riding  schools,  two  hundred 
pounds. 

For  floors  of  warehouses  and  mercantile  buildings,  at  least  two  hun- 
dred and  fifty  pounds. 

For  flat  roofs,  forty  pounds. 

For  stairs,  landings,  platforms  and  fire  escapes,  seventy  pounds. 

The  loads  not  included  in  this  classification  shall  be  determined  by 
the  commissioner. 

The  full  floor  load  specified  in  this  section  shall  be  included  in  pro- 
portioning all  parts  of  buildings  designed  for  warehouses,  or  for  heavy 
mercantile  and  manufacturing  purposes.  In  other  buildings,  however, 
reductions  may  be  allowed,  as  follows:  for  girders  carrying  more  than 
one  hundred  square  feet  of  floor,  the  live  load  may  be  reduced  ten  per 
cent.  For  columns,  piers,  walls  and  other  parts  carrying  two  floors,  a 
Deduction  of  fifteen  per  cent  of  the  total  live  load  may  be  made;  where 


26  Acts  of  1907,  Chapter  550. 

three  floors  are  carried,  the  total  live  load  may  be  reduced  by  twenty  per 
cent;  four  floors,  twenty-five  per  cent;  five  floors,  thirty  per  cent;  six 
floors,  thirty-five  per  cent;  seven  floors,  forty  per  cent;  eight  floors, 
forty-five  per  cent;  nine  or  more  floors,  fifty  per  cent. 

The  commissioner  may  prescribe  the  maximum  loads  which  may  be 
imposed  upon  the  floors  of  existing  buildings. 

Shutters. 

SECT.  37.  In  all  first  or  second  class  mercantile  or  manufacturing 
buildings  over  thirty  feet  in  height,  outside  openings  in  party  walls,  or 
in  any  rear  or  side  wall  within  twenty  feet  of  an  opposite  wall  or  building, 
shall  have  metal  frames  and  sashes  and  shall  be  glazed  with  wire 
glass  or  shall  be  protected  by  shutters.  Such  shutters  shall  be  covered 
on  both  sides  with  tin  or  shall  be  made  of  other  substantial  fireproof 
material,  and  hung  on  the  outside,  either  upon  independent  metal  frames 
or  upon  metal  hinges  attached  to  the  masonry,  and  shall  be  made  to  be 
handled  from  the  outside,  and  one  such  shutter  in  each  room  shall  have  a 
protected  hand-hole  eight  inches  in  diameter. 

Elevators. 

SECT.  38.  Elevators  and  hoists  for  freight  which  do  not  run  above 
the  first  story  may  be  constructed  without  fireproof  enclosures.  Freight 
and  passenger  elevators  may  be  placed  in  areas  or  hallways  where  the 
same  are  continuous  and  unbroken,  such  elevators  to  be  protected  by 
metal  grille.  Except  as  above  provided,  all  shafts  for  elevators,  hoists, 
dumb-waiters,  lifts,  light  and  ventilating  shafts  or  other  air  ducts  shall 
be  constructed  of  fireproof  material.  The  tops  of  all  such  shafts  shall  be 
covered  with  fireproof  material  unless  the  shaft  extends  above  the  upper 
floor  of  the  building,  and  in  that  case  the  shaft  shall  be  carried  at  least 
three  feet  above  the  roof  and  shall  be  covered  with  a  skylight.  Such 
shafts,  if  for  freight  or  passenger  elevators,  shall  be  of  brick  at  least 
eight  inches  thick,  or  of  metal  covered  on  both  sides  with  at  least  one 
inch  of  plaster  applied  immediately  to  the  metal,  or  with  some  other 
equally  substantial  fireproof  material. 

Every  opening  into  a  shaft  or  hoistway  shall  be  protected  by  self- 
closing  gates,  rails,  trap-doors,  or  other  equivalent  devices. 

Every  elevator  shall  be  provided  with  a  safety  attachment  to  prevent 
the  falling  of  the  car.  The  machinery  over  the  elevator  shall  have  under- 
neath it  a  grille  sufficient  to  protect  the  car  from  falling  material. 

Every  opening  into  an  elevator  shaft  or  hoistway  and  every  opening 
through  a  floor,  other  than  a  stairway,  shall  be  closed  when  not  in  use. 

All  elevator  shaft  openings,  other  than  openings  into  passenger  ele- 
vator shafts,  shall  be  furnished  with  metal-covered  or  incombustible 
doors,  hung  in  a  manner  satisfactory  to  the  commissioner,  and  shall  be 
provided  with  iron  thresholds.  Wire  glass  panels  may  be  used  in  such 
doors.  Outside  windows  or  openings  of  every  elevator  shaft  shall  have 
three  vertical  iron  rods,  painted  red,  equally  spaced  off  in  such  window 
or  opening. 

Freight  elevators  shall  be  equipped  with  a  suitable  danger  signal  to 
warn  people  of  the  approach  of  the  elevator. 

The  space  between  the  car  and  door  of  each  landing  shall  be  not  more 
than  two  inches. 


Acts  of  1907,  Chapter  550.  27 

No  elevator  shall  be  used  in  any  building  until  the  same  is  approved 
in  writing  by  the  commissioner. 

In  case  any  freight  or  passenger  elevator  is  not  constructed  or  fur- 
nished in  compliance  with  this  act,  or  has  become  unsafe,  the  com- 
missioner shall  post  a  conspicuous  warning  and  prohibition  at  each 
entrance  to  such  elevator.  It  shall  thereafter,  until  a  new  written 
permit  is  given  by  the  commissioner,  be  a  penal  offence  hereunder  to 
operate  the  said  elevator,  or  to  remove  or  deface  the  said  notice. 

Freight  elevator  wells  hereafter  built  on  the  line  of  the  external  wall 
of  a  building  shall  be  so  constructed  that  there  shall  be  no  recess  in  the 
outer  wall  along  the  whole  line  of  the  same,  and  that  no  more  than  four 
inches  space  shall  be  allowed  between  the  platform  of  the  car  and  the 
outer  wall.  The  side  of  the  platform  and  the  line  of  the  doorway  shall 
be  flush  with  the  well-way,  and  the  door  openings  from  the  said  elevator 
well  into  the  building  shall  be  placed  at  least  six  inches  back  from  the 
face  of  the  well,  so  as  to  allow  space  enough  for  self-closing  gates  to 
operate  between  the  door  and  the  well  opening.  Outside  openings  to 
freight  elevators  shall  be  protected  by  self-closing  slatted  gates,  "  ver- 
tical ",  with  spaces  not  wider  than  two  inches  between  the  slats. 

All  elevators  running  at  a  speed  of  more  than  one  hundred  feet  a 
minute,  shall  be  operated  by  competent  persons  not  less  than  eighteen 
years  of  age,  and  no  other  person  shall  operate  or  have  the  care  or  charge 
of  such  an  elevator. 

No  elevator  shall  be  operated  by  or  placed  in  charge  of  any  person 
under  sixteen  years  of  age. 

No  elevator  shall  hereafter  be  installed  in  any  building  without  a 
permit  having  been  granted  therefor,  and  the  applicant  shall  submit  a 
plan  showing  the  proposed  location  of  the  shaftway,  the  area  and  situ- 
ation of  the  machine  room,  and  the  said  plan  shall  be  filed  as  part  of 
the  records  of  the  department.  All  elevators  hereafter  installed  shall  be 
located  so  as  to  give  easy  and  safe  access  to  all  the  principal  parts  of  the 
machinery  for  inspection  and  repairs. 

All  passenger  elevators  hereafter  built  operated  by  drum  and  cables, 
shall  have  an  overspeed  governor  to  prevent  the  car  from  descending  at 
overspeed,  and  all  passenger  and  freight  elevators  shall  have  a  slack  cable 
device  to  stop  the  machinery  in  case  the  car  is  held  up  or  the  cables  part. 

If  any  accident  shall  occur  to  any  elevator  affecting  life  or  limb  or 
damaging  any  part  of  the  machinery  or  running  parts  of  the  elevator,  it 
shall  be  the  duty  of  the  engineer  or  superintendent  in  charge  imme- 
diately, before  any  repairs  are  made,  or  any  broken  pieces  are  removed, 
to  notify  the  commissioner  of  the  accident,  before  the  elevator  is  operated 
again,  so  that  the  cause  of  the  accident  may  be  determined,  any  faulty 
construction  remedied,  and  satisfactory  repairs  made. 

All  elevator  cables  hereafter  installed  that  pass  through  bevelled 
sockets,  the  ends  returning  and  refitting  into  the  same,  shall  have  in 
addition  lead  or  babbitt  metal  poured  into  the  ends  of  the  socket,  to 
prevent  the  possibility  of  the  cable's  slipping. 

All  manufacturers  of  elevators  shall  be  required  to  test,  in  the  pres- 
ence of  an  inspector,  the  safety  devices  of  every  elevator  installed  before 
the  same  is  turned  over  to  the  owners  for  use,  and  the  commissioner 
shall  be  notified  by  the  manufacturer  at  least  twenty-four  hours  before 


28  Acts  of  1907,  Chapter  550. 

such  test  is  made.  An  inspector  may  require  a  test  of  the  safety  device 
of  any  elevator  if  in  his  judgment  the  same  is  required. 

The  commissioner  may  require  additional  safeguards  on  elevators,  if 
in  his  judgment  the  condition,  use  or  surroundings  of  the  elevator 
demand  them. 

The  commissioner  may,  with  the  approval  of  the  mayor,  appoint  com- 
petent elevator  inspectors  in  addition  to  those  already  detailed,  one  for 
every  one  thousand  elevators  and  hoistways  in  the  city  of  Boston. 

Wooden  Buildings. 

SECT.  39.  Every  wooden  building  hereafter  erected  shall  have  a 
foundation  of  concrete,  rubble,  block  granite  or  brick,  laid  in  mortar  or 
other  equally  substantial  material,  carried  to  the  surface  of  the  ground. 
Every  such  foundation  if  of  brick  or  concrete,  shall  be  at  least  twelve 
inches  thick;  if  of  granite,  shall  be  at  least  sixteen  inches  thick;  if  of 
rubble,  shall  be  at  least  twenty  inches  thick;  and  shall  be  laid  at  least 
four  feet  below  any  surface  exposed  to  frost  and  upon  solid  ground  or 
upon  piles  properly  spaced. 

Every  wooden  building  hereafter  erected  or  altered,  the  sills  of  which 
do  not  rest  directly  upon  a  foundation  as  above  described,  but  on  an 
underpinning,  shall  have  such  underpinning  made  of  brick,  stone  or 
concrete;  and  if  the  building  is  thirty-three  feet  or  less  in  height  above 
the  highest  street  level  of  its  principal  front,  the  underpinning,  if  of  brick 
or  concrete,  shall  be  at  least  eight  inches  thick,  and  if  the  building  is  of 
greater  height,  the  underpinning,  if  of  brick  or  concrete,  shall  be  at 
least  twelve  inches  thick;  every  underpinning  of  stone  shall  be  at  least 
sixteen  inches  thick.  Every  wooden  building,  hereafter  erected  on  soft 
and  marshy  land,  and  used  for  a  workshop  or  other  like  purpose,  or  as  a 
temporary  structure,  may,  if  the  commissioner  approves,  rest  upon  mud 
sills  or  blocks,  or  on  piles. 

Every  wooden  building  hereafter  erected  or  altered  shall  have  all  its 
parts  of  sufficient  strength  to  carry  the  weight  of  the  superstructure; 
shall  be  built  with  sills,  posts,  girts,  studs  and  plates,  properly  framed, 
mortised,  tenoned,  braced  and  pinned  in  each  story,  or  with  a  balloon 
frame;  the  posts  and  girts  shall  be  not  less  than  four  by  six  inches  in 
cross  section,  and  the  studs  shall  be  not  more  than  twenty  inches  apart. 
Wooden  buildings  hereafter  erected  for  other  purposes  than  habitation 
shall  not  be  situated  within  five  feet  of  the  line  of  the  lot  unless  the  side 
wall  on  such  line  or  lines  be  of  brick  or  concrete,  built  to  the  under  side 
of  the  roof. 

SECT.  40.  No  wooden  building  hereafter  erected  to  be  used  as  a 
habitation  shall  be  more  than  three  stories  in  height  above  the  basement, 
nor  more  than  forty-five  feet  in  height  above  the  street  level,  nor  shall 
any  part  of  such  building,  except  the  eaves  and  cornice,  be  nearer  than 
three  feet  to  the  line  of  any  adjoining  lot,  and  if  built  on  land  of  the  same 
owner,  nearer  than  six  feet  to  any  other  building,  unless  the  side  wall  of 
such  adjoining  building  is  constructed  as  a  solid  brick  or  concrete  wall 
not  less  than  eight  inches  thick  and  carried  twelve  inches  above  the  roof. 

Every  wooden  building  hereafter  constructed  to  form  a  block  of  two 
or  more  houses  shall  have  a  brick  or  concrete  party  wall  between  adjoin- 
ing houses,  which  shall  be  not  less  than  eight  inches  thick,  shall  be 


Acts- of  1907,  Chapter  550.  29 

carried  twelve  inches  above  the  roof,  and  shall  be  capped  with  a  metallic 
covering. 

Flooring  during  Construction. 

SECT.  41.  If,  in  the  erection  of  an  iron  or  steel  frame  building, 
the  spaces  between  the  girders  or  floor  beams  of  a  floor  are  not  filled 
and  covered  by  the  permanent  construction  of  such  floors  before  another 
story  is  added  to  the  building,  a  close  plank  flooring  shall  be  placed  and 
maintained  over  such  spaces  during  construction.  If  and  when  such 
flooring  cannot  be  used  without  serious  interference  with  the  work  of 
construction,  such  provision  shall  be  made  to  protect  the  workmen  from 
falling  materials  as  will  be  satisfactory  to  the  commissioner. 

ADDITIONAL   REQUIREMENTS    FOR    TENEMENT    HOUSES. 

Definitions. 

SECT.  42.     Certain  words  are  defined  as  follows:  — 

(1.)  A  tenement  house  is  any  house,  building,  structure  or  portion 
thereof,  occupied,  or  adapted  for  occupation,  as  a  dwelling  by  more  than 
three  families  living  independently  of  one  another  and  doing  their  cook- 
ing upon  the  premises,  or  by  more  than  two  families  above  the  first  story 
so  living  and  cooking.  A  family  living  in  a  tenement  house  may  consist 
of  one  or  more  persons. 

An  existing  tenement  house  is  any  building  erected  as  such  or  con- 
verted to  such  use  or  as  altered  for  such  use  or  so  used  before  the  passage 
of  this  act,  and  any  building  adapted  for  such  use,  provided  that  a  permit 
was  issued  for  the  erection  of  said  building  before  the  passage  of  this  act. 

A  tenement  house  hereafter  erected  is  any  tenement  house  other  than 
an  existing  tenement  house  as  above  defined. 

(2.)  A  corner  lot  is  a  lot  situated  at  the  junction  of  two  or  more 
streets,  or  of  two  or  more  streets  and  alleys  or  open  passageways  not 
less  than  fifteen  feet  in  width. 

(3.)  A  yard  is  an  open  unoccupied  space  on  the  same  lot  with  a  build- 
ing and  between  the  extreme  rear  line  of  said  building  and  the  rear  line 
of  the  lot. 

(4.)  A  court  is  an  open  unoccupied  space  other  than  a  yard  on  the 
same  lot  with  a  building.  An  inner  court  is  a  court  not  extending  to  a 
street,  or  alley,  or  open  passageway,  or  yard.  An  outer  court  is  a  court 
extending  to  a  street,  or  alley,  or  open  passageway,  or  yard.  A  vent 
court  is  an  inner  court  for  the  lighting  and  ventilation  of  water-closets, 
bathrooms,  public  halls,  and  stair  halls  only.  An  intake  is  a  passageway 
connecting  an  inner  court  with  a  street,  or  alley,  or  open  passageway, 
or  yard. 

(5.)  A  shaft,  whether  for  air,  light,  elevator,  dumb-waiter,  or  any 
other  purpose,  is  an  enclosed  space  within  a  building,  extending  to  the 
roof,  and  covered  either  by  a  skylight  or  by  the  roof.  A  vent  shaft  is  a 
shaft  used  solely  to  ventilate  or  light  water-closet  compartments  or 
bathrooms. 

(6.)  A.  public  hall  is  a  hall,  corridor,  or  passageway  not  within  an 
apartment. 

(7.)  A  stair  hall  includes  the  stairs,  stair  landings,  and  those  parts  of 


30  Acts  of  1907,  Chapter  550. 

the  public  hall  through  which  it  is  necessary  to  pass  in  going  from  the 
entrance  floor  to  the  roof. 

(8.)  An  apartment  is  a  room,  or  suite  of  two  or  more  rooms,  occupied 
or  suitable  for  occupation,  as  a  residence  for  one  family. 

(9.)  Repairs  means  any  renewal  of  any  existing  part  of  a  building,  or 
of  its  fixtures  or  appurtenances,  which  does  not  lessen  the  strength  of 
the  building. 

Fire-escapes. 

SECT.  43.  In  all  tenement  houses  hereafter  erected  and  more  than 
three  stories  in  height  above  the  basement  or  cellar  there  shall  be  pro- 
vided one  of  the  following  means  of  egress  for  escape  from  fire:  (1)  an 
interior  enclosed  stairway  as  described  in  this  section;  or  (2)  an  exterior 
iron  fire-escape  and  stairs  as  hereinafter  described;  or  (3)  iron  balconies 
connecting  with  adjoining  houses,  or  with  adjoining  parts  of  the  same 
house  separated  from  each  other  by  a  brick  partition  wall  in  which  there 
are  no  openings  except  such  as  are  protected  with  fireproof  self-closing 
doors;  and  every  apartment  above  the  first  floor  shall  have  access  to  one 
of  such  means  of  egress. 

(1.)  Interior  fire-escapes  may  consist  of  wooden  circular  stairs,  occu- 
pying a  space  of  a  diameter  not  less  than  four  feet  six  inches.  Such  stairs 
shall  extend  from  the  top  floor  to  the  level  of  the  basement,  where  they 
shall  open  into  either  an  outer  or  an  inner  court  or  yard.  These  stairs 
shall  be  separated  in  the  basement  from  the  basement  by  brick  walls  at 
least  eight  inches  thick,  and  the  stairs  above  the  basement  shall  be 
enclosed  with  fireproof  partitions  clear  to  a  vent  skylight,  and  shall 
have  on  each  floor,  in  a  public  hall  accessible  from  each  apartment,  a 
fireproof  self-closing  door  and  fireproof  frame;  the  door  to  open  into  the 
corridor,  and  to  be  so  arranged  that  it  cannot  be  opened  from  the  stair 
side;  such  staircase  to  be  provided  with  a  ventilating  skylight  at  least 
nine  square  feet  in  area.  The  soffits  of  the  stairs,  if  they  are  of  wood, 
shall  be  plastered  on  metal  lathing. 

(2.)  Exterior  fire-escapes  shall  be  of  iron,  with  iron  grated  floor,  and 
capable  of  bearing  a  load  of  seventy  pounds  per  square  foot.  The  stair 
treads  shall  be  of  iron,  and  the  pitch  of  the  stairs  shall  not  exceed  sixty 
degrees. 

Balconies  shall  be  at  least  three  feet  four  inches  wide,  and  the  stairs 
at  least  twenty  inches.  There  shall  be  a  landing  at  the  foot  of  each 
flight,  and  at  the  level  of  the  second  floor  there  shall  be  cantilever  lad- 
ders. The  rails  on  horizontal  balconies  and  on  the  stairs  shall  be  at 
least  two  feet  ten  inches  high  at  all  points. 

(3.)  Balconies  connecting  adjoining  houses,  or  adjoining  parts  of  the 
same  house  as  described  above,  shall  be  not  less  than  thirty  inches  wide 
and  capable  of  sustaining  a  load  of  seventy  pounds  per  square  foot. 
Railings  shall  be  not  less  than  two  feet  ten  inches  high,  and  shall  be  of 
iron. 

Bulkheads  and  Scuttles. 

SECT.  44.  Every  tenement  house  of  the  first  or  second  class  here- 
after erected  shall  have  in  the  roof  a  fireproof  bulkhead  with  a  fireproof 
door  to  the  same,  and  shall  have  fireproof  stairs  with  a  guide  or  hand  rail 
leading  to  the  roof,  except  that  in  such  tenement  houses  which  do  not 


Acts  of  1907,  Chapter  550.  31 

exceed  sixty-five  feet  in  height,  such  bulkheads  may  be  of  wood  covered 
with  metal  on  the  outside  and  plastered  on  metal  lathing  on  the  inside; 
provided  that  the  door  shall  be  covered  with  metal  on  both  sides. 

Every  other  tenement  house  shall  have  in  the  roof  a  bulkhead  or 
scuttle.  No  scuttle  shall  be  less  in  size  than  two  feet  by  three  feet,  and 
all  scuttles  shall  be  covered  on  the  outside  with  metal,  and  shall  be  pro- 
vided with  stairs  or  stationary  ladders  leading  thereto  and  easily  accessi- 
ble to  all  tenants  of  the  building,  and  kept  free  from  encumbrance,  and 
all  scuttles  and  ladders  shall  be  kept  so  as  to  be  ready  for  use  at  all  times. 
No  scuttle  shall  be  situated  in  a  closet  or  room,  but  all  scuttles  shall  be 
in  the  ceiling  of  the  public  hall  on  the  top  floor,  and  access  through  the 
scuttle  to  the  roof  shall  be  direct  and  uninterrupted.  Scuttles  shall  be 
hinged  so  as  to  readily  open.  Every  bulkhead  hereafter  constructed  in  a 
tenement  house  shall  be  constructed  as  provided  for  tenement  houses 
hereafter  erected  and  shall  have  stairs  with  a  guide  or  hand  rail  leading 
to  the  roof,  and  such  stairs  shall  be  kept  free  from  encumbrance  at  all 
times.  No  lock  shall  be  placed  on  any  scuttle  or  bulkhead  door,  but 
either  may  be  fastened  on  the  inside  by  movable  bolts  or  hooks.  All 
key-locks  on  scuttles  and  on  bulkhead  doors  shall  be  removed.  No  stair- 
way leading  to  the  roof  in  a  tenement  house  shall  be  removed. 

Stairs  and  Public  Halls. 

SECT.  45.  Every  tenement  house  hereafter  erected  shall  have  at 
least  one  stairway  extending  from  the  entrance  floor  to  the  roof,  and 
every  tenement  house  hereafter  erected  containing  more  than  one  hun- 
dred rooms  above  the  first  floor,  exclusive  of  water-closets  and  bath- 
rooms, shall  have  an  additional  separate  stairway  for  every  additional 
one  hundred  rooms  or  fraction  thereof.  Public  halls  therein  shall  each 
be  at  least  three  feet  wide  in  the  clear,  and  stairs  shall  be  at  least  three 
feet  wide  between  the  wall  and  the  stair  rail. 

Each  stairway  shall  have  an  entrance  on  the  entrance  floor  from  a 
street  or  alley  or  open  passageway  or  from  an  outer  court,  or  from  an 
inner  court  which  connects  directly  with  a  street  or  alley  or  open  passage- 
way. All  stairs  shall  be  constructed  with  a  rise  of  not  more  than  eight 
inches,  and  with  treads  not  less  than  nine  inches  wide  and  not  less  than 
three  feet  long  in  the  clear.  Where  winders  are  used  all  treads  at  a 
point  eighteen  inches  from  the  strings  on  the  wall  side  shall  be  at  least 
ten  inches  wide. 

In  every  tenement  house  all  stairways  shall  be  provided  with  proper 
balusters  and  railings  kept  in  good  repair.  No  public  hall  or  stairs  in  a 
tenement  house  shall  be  reduced  in  width  so  as  to  be  less  than  the 
minimum  width  prescribed  in  this  section. 

Stair  Halls,  Construction  of. 

SECT.  46.  In  tenement  houses  hereafter  erected  which  do  not 
exceed  five  stories  above  the  cellar  or  basement  or  sixty-five  feet  in 
height  the  stair  halls  shall  either  be  constructed  with  iron  beams  and 
fireproof  filling  or  shall  be  filled  in  between  the  floor  beams  with  at  least 
five  inches  of  cement  deafening.  In  such  houses  the  stairs  may  be  of 
wood,  provided  that  the  soffits  are  covered  with  metal  laths  and  plastered 
with  two  coats  of  mortar,  or  with  good  quality  plaster-boards  not  less 


32  Acts  of  1907,  Chapter  550. 

than  one  half  inch  in  thickness  made  of  plaster  and  strong  fibre,  and  all 
joints  made  true  and  well  pointed,  and  provided  that  such  stairs  are 
furnished  with  firestops. 

Stair  Halls,  how  Enclosed. 

SECT.  47.  In  second  class  and  third  class  tenement  houses  here- 
after erected,  the  stair  halls  may  be  enclosed  with  wooden  stud  parti- 
tions, if  such  partitions  are  covered  on  both  sides  with  metal  laths  or 
with  good  quality  plaster-boards  not  less  than  one  half  inch  in  thickness, 
made  of  plaster  and  strong  fibre,  and  all  joints  made  true  and  well 
pointed,  and  provided  that  the  space  between  the  studs  is  filled  in  with 
brick  and  mortar  or 'other  incombustible  material  to  the  height  of  the 
floor  beams. 

Entrance  Halls. 

SECT.  48.  Every  entrance  hall  in  every  tenement  house  hereafter 
erected  shall  be  at  least  three  feet  six  inches  wide  in  the  clear,  from  the 
entrance  up  to  and  including  the  stair  enclosure,  and  beyond  this  point 
at  least  three  feet  wide  in  the  clear,  and  shall  comply  with  all  the  condi- 
tions of  the  preceding  sections  of  this  act  as  to  the  construction  of  stair 
halls,  except  that  in  a  fireproof  tenement,  house  hereafter  erected  the 
entrance  hall  may  be  enclosed  with  terra-cotta  blocks  not  less  than  four 
inches  thick  and  angle-iron  construction,  instead  of  brick  walls.  If  such 
entrance  hall  is  the  only  entrance  to  more  than  one  stairway,  that  portion 
of  said  hall  between  the  entrance  and  the  stairway  shal  be  increased  at 
least  eighteen  inches  in  width  in  every  part  for  each  additional  stairway. 

Cellar  Ceilings. 

SECT.  49.  In  all  tenement  houses  of  the  second  or  third  class 
hereafter  erected,  the  cellar  and  basement  ceilings  shall  be  lathed  with 
metal  laths  and  plastered. 

Partitions,  Construction  of. 

SECT.  50.  In  all  tenement  houses  of  the  second  or  third  class  here- 
after erected  all  stud  partitions  which  rest  directly  over  each  other  shall 
run  through  the  wooden  floor  beams  and  rest  upon  the  cap  of  the  parti- 
tion below,  and  shall  have  the  studding  filled  in  solid  between  the  up- 
rights to  the  depth  of  the  floor  beams  with  suitable  materials. 

Wooden  Tenement  Houses. 

SECT.  51.  Outside  of  the  building  limits,  tenement  houses  not  ex- 
ceeding three  stories  in  height  above  the  basement,  nor  eighteen  hundred 
square  feet  in  area,  may  be  erected  of  wood.  No  wooden  tenement 
house  shall  be  increased  in  height  so  as  to  exceed  three  stories  above  the 
basement  or  cellar. 

Shafts. 

SECT.  52.  All  elevator  or  "dumb-waiter  shafts  hereafter  constructed 
in  any  tenement  house'  shall  be  fireproof  throughout,  with  fireproof  self- 
closing  doors  at  all  openings  at  each  story.  But  nothing  in  this  section 


Acts  of  1907,  Chapter  550.  33 

shall  be  so  construed  as  to  require  enclosures  about  elevators  or  dumb- 
waiters in  the  well-hole  of  stairs  where  the  stairs  themselves  are  enclosed 
in  walls  of  incombustible  materials,  and  are  entirely  constructed  of  fire- 
proof materials  as  hereinbefore  provided.  Every  vent  shaft  hereafter 
constructed  in  any  tenement  house  shall  have  an  intake  of  at  least  the 
dimensions  provided  for  vent  courts  in  section  sixty-one,  and  shall  be 
of  the  same  minimum  dimensions;  and  the  skylight  covering  such  vent 
shaft  shall  be  raised  at  all  points  at  least  one  foot  above  the  top  of  the 
walls  of  such  vent  shaft,  and  the  space  between  the  top  of  said  walls  and 
the  skylight  shall  remain  at  all  points  open  and  unobstructed  except 
for  such  supports  essential  to  the  stability  of  the  skylight,  as  may  be 
approved  by  the  commissioner. 

Bakeries  and  Fat  Boiling. 

SECT.  53.  No  bakery  and  no  place  of  business  in  which  fat  is  boiled 
shall  be  maintained  in  any  tenement  house  which  is  not  fireproof  through- 
out, unless  the  ceiling  and  side  walls  of  said  bakery  or  of  the  said  place 
where  fat  boiling  is  done  are  made  safe  by  fireproof  materials  around 
the  same,  and  there  shall  be  no  openings  either  by  door  or  window,  dumb- 
waiter shafts  or  otherwise,  between  said  bakery  or  said  place  where  fat 
is  boiled  in  any  tenement  house  and  the  other  parts  of  the  building. 

Other  Dangerous  Businesses. 

SECT.  54.  All  transoms  and  windows  opening  into  halls  from  any 
part  of  a  tenement  house  where  paint,  oil,  spirituous  liquors  or  drugs 
are  stored  for  the  purpose  of  sale  or  otherwise  shall  be  glazed  with  wire- 
glass,  or  they  shall  be  removed  and  closed  up  as  solidly  as  the  rest  of  the 
wall.  There  shall  be  between  any  such  hall  and  such  part  of  said  tene- 
ment house  a  fireproof  self-closing  door. 

LIGHT    AND    VENTILATION. 

Yards. 

SECT.  55.  The  requirements  for  yards  hereinafter  provided  shall  be 
deemed  sufficient  for  all  tenement  houses. 

Except  in  those  cases  hereinafter  provided  for,  there  shall  be,  behind 
every  tenement  house  hereafter  erected,  a  yard  extending  across  the 
entire  width  of  the  lot,  and  at  every  point  open  from  the  ground  to  the 
sky  unobstructed,  except  by  fire-escapes  or  unenclosed  outside  stairs. 

The  depth  of  said  yard  shall  be  measured  from  the  extreme  rear  wall 
of  the  house  to  the  rear  line  of  the  lot,  and  at  right  angles  to  said  line, 
except  that  where  there  is  an  alley  or  open  passageway  in  the  rear  of  the 
lot  the  depth  of  the  yard  may  be  measured  to  the  middle  of  said  alley  or 
open  passageway.  On  an  irregular  lot  of  several  depths,  where  there  is 
more  than  one  rear  line  to  the  lot,  such  yard  may  extend  across  the  entire 
width  of  the  lot  in  sections,  provided  that  each  section  of  the  yard  is  in 
every  part  and  at  every  point  of  the  minimum  depth  hereinafter  pre- 
scribed. Where  the  side  lines  of  a  lot  converge  toward  the  rear,  the 
depth  of  the  yard  shall  be  such  as  to  give  it  an  area  equal  to  the  greatest 
width  of  the  yard  multiplied  by  the  depth  hereinafter  prescribed. 

Except  on  a  corner  lot,  the  depth  of  the  yard  behind  every  tenerre.it 


34  Acts  of  1907,  Chapter  550. 

house  hereafter  erected  fifty  feet  in  height  or  less  shall  be  not  less  than 
twelve  feet  in  every  part.  All  yards  without  exception  shall  be  increased 
in  depth  at  least  one  foot  for  every  additional  ten  feet  of  height  of  the 
building,  or  fraction  thereof,  above  fifty  feet. 

Except  as  hereinafter  otherwise  provided,  the  depth  of  the  yard  behind 
every  tenement  house  hereafter  erected  upon  a  corner  lot  shall  not  be 
less  than  six  feet  in  every  part.  But  where  such  corner  lot  is  more  than 
twenty-five  feet  in  width,  the  depth  of  the  yard  for  that  portion  in 
excess  of  twenty-five  feet  shall  be  not  less  than  twelve  feet  in  every  part, 
and  shall  increase  in  depth  as  above  provided. 

Whenever  a  tenement  house  is  hereafter  erected  upon  a  lot  which  runs 
through  from  street  to  street,  or  from  a  street  to  an  alley  or  open  passage- 
way, and  said  lot  is  one  hundred  and  fifty  feet  or  more  in  depth,  said 
yard  space  shall  be  left  midway  between  the  two  streets,  and  shall  extend 
across  the  entire  width  of  the  lot,  and  shall  be  not  less  than  twenty-four 
feet  in  depth  from  wall  to  wall,  and  shall  be  increased  in  depth  at  least 
two  feet  for  every  additional  ten  feet  in  height  of  the  building,  or  fraction 
thereof,  above  fifty  feet. 

When  a  tenement  house  hereafter  erected  does  not  front  upon  a  street, 
a  public  alley,  or  a  passageway,  not  less  than  fifteen  feet  wide,  the  re- 
quirements in  this  section  as  to  yards  shall  apply  to  the  front  of  such 
tenement  house  as  well  as  to  the  rear.  Neither  the  yard  behind  one 
tenement  house  nor  any  part  thereof  shall  be  deemed  to  satisfy  in  whole 
or  in  part  the  requirement  of  a  yard  in  front  of  another  tenement  house. 

Cases  in  which  no  Yard  shall  be  required. 

SECT.  56.  No  yard  shall  be  required  behind  a  tenement  house 
hereafter  erected  upon  a  lot  which  abuts  at  the  rear  upon  a  railroad 
right  of  way,  a  cemetery  or  a  public  park. 

No  yard  shall  be  required  behind  a  tenement  house  hereafter  erected 
upon  a  lot  entirely  surrounded  by  streets  or  by  streets,  alleys  or  open 
passageways,  not  less  than  fifteen  feet  in  width,  or  by  such  streets,  alleys, 
and  passageways  and  a  railroad  right  of  way,  a  cemetery  or  a  public  park. 

No  yard  shall  be  required  behind  a  tenement  house  hereafter  erected 
upon  a  lot  less  than  one  hundred  and  fifty  feet  deep  and  running  through 
from  street  to  street  or  from  a  street  to  an  alley  or  open  passageway  not 
less  than  fifteen  feet  in  width,  or  upon  a  corner  lot  adjoining  a  lot  less 
than  one  hundred  and  fifty  feet  deep  and  running  through  from  street 
to  street,  or  from  a  street  to  such  an  alley  or  open  passageway. 

No  yard  shall  be  required  behind  a  tenement  house  hereafter  erected 
upon  a  corner  lot  adjoining  a  lot  more  than  one  hundred  and  fifty  feet 
deep  and  running  through  from  street  to  street  or  from  a  street  to  an 
alley  or  open  passageway  not  less  than  fifteen  feet  in  width;  but  if  there 
be  no  yard,  an  outer  court  upon  such  corner  lot  shall  extend  from 
the  street  along  the  line  of  such  adjoining  lot  to  a  point  in  line  with  the 
middle  line  of  the  block;  the  width  of  said  court  to  be  not  less  than  the 
width  of  court  prescribed  in  the  ensuing  paragraph. 

No  yard  shall  be  required  behind  a  tenement  house  hereafter  erected 
upon  a  corner  lot  adjoining  two  or  more  lots  any  one  of  which  bounds 
upon  a  single  street,  or  alley,  or  open  passageway  not  less  than  fifteen 
feet  in  width;  but  if  there  be  no  yard  an  outer  court  upon  such  corner 
lot  shall  extend  from  the  street,  or  from  such  alley  or  open  passageway 


Acts  of  1907,  Chapter  550.  35 

along  a  lot  line  either  to  the  extreme  rear  of  an  adjoining  lot  or  to  the 
extreme  rear  of  said  corner  lot:  provided,  that  the  width  of  said  court 
measured  from  the  lot  line  to  the  opposite  wall  of  the  building,  for  tene- 
ment houses  fifty  feet  or  less  in  height,  shall  be  not  less  than  six  feet  in 
every  part,  and  for  every  additional  ten  feet  of  height  of  the  tenement 
house  shall  be  increased  one  foot  throughout  t>he  whole  length  of  said 
court. 

Courts. 

SECT.  57.  No  court  of  a  tenement  house  hereafter  erected  shall  be 
covered  by  a  roof  or  skylight,  but  every  such  court  shall  be  at  every 
point  open  to  the  sky  unobstructed.  Except  such  courts  as  are  pro- 
vided for  in  section  fifty-six,  all  courts,  except  for  fire-escapes,  may 
start  at  the  second  tier  of  beams. 

Outer  Courts. 

SECT.  58.  The  provisions  of  this  section  shall  apply  only  to  tene- 
ment houses  hereafter  erected.  Where  one  side  of  an  outer  court  is 
located  on  the  lot  line,  the  width  of  the  said  court,  measured  from  the 
lot  line  to  the  opposite  wall  of  the  building,  for  tenement  houses  fifty  feet 
or  less  in  height  shall  not  be  less  than  six  feet  in  every  part;  and  for 
every  ten  feet  of  increase  or  fraction  thereof  in  height  of  such  tenement 
houses,  such  width  shall  be  increased  one  foot  throughout  the  whole 
length  of  the  court,  and  except  where  the  court  runs  through  from  the 
yard  to  the  street,  said  width  shall  never  be  less  than  one  eighth  of  the 
length  of  the  court. 

Where  an  outer  court  is  located  between  wings  or  parts  of  the  same 
building,  or  between  different  buildings  on  the  same  lot,  the  width  of  the 
court,  measured  from  wall  to  wall,  for  tenement  houses  fifty  feet  or  less 
in  height  shall  not  be  less  than  twelve  feet  in  every  part,  and  for  every 
ten  feet  of  increase  or  fraction  thereof  in  the  height  of  the  said  building, 
such  width  shall  be  increased  two  feet  throughout  the  whole  length  of 
the  court.  The  depth  of  such  courts  shall  never  exceed  four  times  their 
width. 

Wherever  an  outer  court  changes  its  initial  horizontal  direction,  or 
wherever  any  part  of  such  court  extends  in  a  direction  so  as  not  to  receive 
direct  light  from  the  street  or  yard,  or  from  an  alley,  or  open  passageway 
not  less  than  fifteen  feet  in  width,  the  length  of  that  part  of  the  court 
shall  never  exceed  its  width,  such  length  to  be  measured  from  the  point 
at  which  the  change  of  direction  begins.  Wherever  an  outer  court  be- 
tween parts  of  the  same  building  is  twelve  feet  or  less  in  depth,  its  width 
may  be  one  half  its  depth,  provided  that  such  width  is  never  less  than 
four  feet  in  the  clear.  This  exception  shall  also  apply  to  every  offset  or 
recess  in  outer  courts.  And  no  window  except  windows  of  water-closet 
compartments,  bathrooms,  or  halls  shall  open  upon  any  offset  or  recess 
less  than  four  feet  in  width. 

Inner  Courts. 

SECT.  59.  The  provisions  of  this  section  shall  apply  only  to  tene- 
ment houses  hereafter  erected.  Where  one  side  of  an  inner  court  is 
located  on  the  lot  line  and  the  building  does  nr>f  ^YPPPH  fiff,y  feet  in 
height,  the  least  width  of  the  court  shall  be  not  lesd  (than  eight  feel,  ttu<l: 


CIVIL  ENGINEERS 


36  Acts  of  1907,  Chapter  550. 

the  area  of  the  court  shall  be  not  less  than  one  hundred  and  twenty- 
eight  square  feet.  For  every  ten  feet  or  fraction  thereof  of  increase  in 
the  height  of  the  building  above  fifty  feet  the  minimum  width  of  such 
inner  courts  shall  be  increased  by  one  foot,  and  the  area  thereof  shall 
never  be  less  than  twice  the  square  of  such  minimum  width.  Where  an 
inner  court  is  not  located  on  the  lot  line,  but  is  enclosed  on  all  four  sides, 
and  the  building  does  not  exceed  fifty  feet  in  height,  the  least  width  of 
said  court  shall  be  not  less  than  sixteen  feet  and  the  area  not  less  than 
two  hundred  and  fifty-six  square  feet.  For  every  ten  feet,  or  fraction 
thereof,  of  increase  in  the  height  of  said  building  above  fifty  feet,  the 
minimum  width  of  such  inner  courts  shall  be  increased  by  two  feet,  and 
the  area  of  the  court  shall  never  be  less  than  the  square  of  such  minimum 
dimension. 

Vent  Courts. 

SECT.  60.  Inner  courts  used  solely  for  the  lighting  and  ventilation 
of  water-closets,  bathrooms,  public  halls,  or  stair  halls,  or  for  interior 
fire-escapes,  may  be  constructed  in  any  tenement  house,  and  shall  be  not 
less  than  fifteen  square  feet  in  area,  nor  less  than  three  feet  in  the  least 
horizontal  dimension  for  buildings  fifty  feet  or  less  in  height.  For  every 
increase  of  ten  feet  or  fraction  thereof  in  the  height  of  such  buildings 
the  least  dimension  shall  be  increased  by  one  foot,  and  the  area  by  not 
less  than  eight  square  feet. 

Intakes. 

SECT.  61.  Every  inner  court  in  a  tenement  house  hereafter  erected 
shall  be  provided  with  one  or  more  horizontal  intakes  at  the  bottom. 
Such  intakes,  in  vent  courts,  shall  be  not  less  than  four  square  feet  in 
area,  so  arranged  as  to  be  easily  cleaned ;  in  other  inner  courts  they  shall 
be  not  less  than  three  feet  wide  and  seven  feet  high,  and  there  shall  be 
at  least  two  open  grille  doors,  containing  not  less  than  fifteen  square  feet 
of  unobstructed  openings,  one  at  the  inner  court  and  the  other  at  the 
street  or  yard  as  the  case  may  be. 

Nothing  contained  in  the  foregoing  sections  concerning  outer  and 
inner  courts  shall  be  construed  as  prohibiting  windows  in  walls  that  cut 
off  the  angles  of  such  courts,  provided  that  the  running  length  of  the 
walls  containing  such  windows  does  not  exceed  six  feet. 

Buildings  on  the  Same  Lot  with  Tenement  Houses. 

SECT.  62.  No  tenement  house  shall  hereafter  be  so  enlarged  or  its 
lot  so  diminished,  and  no  building  of  any  kind  shall  be  hereafter  so 
placed  upon  the  same  lot  with  a  tenement  house,  as  to  decrease  the 
minimum  depth  of  yards  or  the  minimum  size  of  courts  or  yards  pre- 
scribed in  this  act  for  tenement  houses  hereafter  erected 

Rooms,  Lighting  and  Ventilation  of. 

SECT.  63.  In  everyjtenement  house  hereafter '"erected  there  shall 
be  in  each  room,  except  water-closet  compartments  and  bathrooms, 
windows  of  a  total  area  of  at  least  one  eighth  of  the  floor  area  of  the 
room,  opening  directly*pn  a  street  or  public  alley  or  open  passageway 


Acts  of  1907,  Chapter  550.  37 

not  less  than  fifteen  feet  wide  or  upon  a  yard  or  court  of  the  dimensions 
hereinbefore  specified,  or  upon  a  railroad  right  of  way,  cemetery  or  public 
park;  and  such  windows  shall  be  located  so  as  properly  to  light  all  parts 
of  the  room.  The  top  of  at  least  one  window  shall  be  not  less  than  eight 
feet  above  the  floor,  and  the  upper  half  of  it  shall  be  made  so  as  to  open 
the  full  width. 

Every  alcove  in  every  tenement  house  hereafter  erected  shall  be  pro- 
vided with  an  opening  into  a  room,  such  opening  to  be  equal  in  area  to 
eighty  per  cent  of  that  side  of  the  alcove  in  which  the  opening  is  located; 
and  the  alcove  shall  have  at  least  one  window  of  not  less  than  fifteen 
square  feet  of  glazed  surface  opening  as  provided  in  this  section. 

Rooms,  Size  of. 

SECT.  64.  In  every  tenement  house  hereafter  erected  all  rooms, 
except  water-closet  compartments  and  bathrooms,  shall  be  of  the  fol- 
lowing minimum  sizes:  In  each  apartment  there  shall  be  at  least  one 
room  containing  not  less  than  one  hundred  and  twenty  square  feet  of 
floor  area  and  provided  with  a  chimney  flue  and  thimble,  except  where 
said  room  is  furnished  with  heat  from  a  central  heating  apparatus,  and 
every  other  room  shall  contain  at  least  ninety  square  feet  of  floor  area. 
Each  room  shall  be  in  every  part  not  less  than  eight  and  one  half  feet 
high  from  the  finished  floor  to  the  finished  ceiling;  provided  that  only 
one  half  of  an  attic  room  need  be  eight  and  one  half  feet  high. 

No  portion  of  a  room  in  any  such  tenement  house  shall  be  partitioned 
off  so  as  to  form  a  room  not  conforming  to  the  provisions  of  sections 
sixty-three  and  sixty-four,  or  so  as  to  form  an  alcove  not  conforming  to 
sections  sixty-three  and  seventy. 

Public  Halls. 

SECT.  65.  Except  as  otherwise  provided  in  section  sixty-six,  in  every 
tenement  house  hereafter  erected,  every  public  hall  shall  have  at  least 
one  window  opening  directly  upon  a  street,  a  public  alley  or  open  pas- 
sageway not  less  than  ten  feet  in  width,  a  railroad  right  of  way,  a  ceme- 
tery or  a  public  park,  or  upon  a  yard  or  court  or  a  vent  court  as  pro- 
vided in  section  sixty.  Either  such  window  shall  be  at  the  end  of  said 
hall,  with  the  plane  of  the  window  substantially  at  right  angles  to  the 
axis  of  the  hall,  or  there  shall  be  at  least  one  window  opening  as  above 
prescribed  in  every  twenty  feet  in  length  or  fraction  thereof  of  the  hall ; 
but  this  provision  for  one  window  in  every  twenty  feet  of  hall-way  shall 
not  apply  to  that  part  of  the  entrance  hall  between  the  entrance  and  the 
first  flight  of  stairs,  provided  that  the  entrance  door  contains  not  less 
than  five  square  feet  of  glazed  surface.  At  least  one  of  the  windows 
provided  to  light  each  public  hall  shall  be  at  least  two  feet  six  inches 
wide  and  five  feet  high,  measured  between  the  stop  beads. 

Any  part  of  a  hall  which  is  shut  off  from  any  other  part  of  said  hall 
by  a  door  or  doors  shall  be  deemed  a  separate  hall  within  the  meaning 
of  this  section. 

Windows  for  Stair  Halls,  Size  of. 

SECT.  66.  In  every  tenement  house  hereafter  erected  the  aggregate 
area  of  windows  to  light  or  ventilate  stair  halls  on  each  floor  shall  be  at 
least  fifteen  square  feet:  provided,  however,  that  when  there  shall  be, 


38  Acts  of  1907,  Chapter  550. 

within  the  space  enclosed  by  the  stairway  and  its  landings,  from  the 
second  story  upward,  an  open  area  for  light  and  ventilation  whose  least 
horizontal  dimension  shall  be  equal  to  the  width  of  the  stairs,  but  in  no 
case  less  than  three  feet,  then  the  windows  required  in  sections  sixty- 
five  and  sixty-six  may  be  omitted. 

There  shall  be  in  the  roof,  directly  over  each  stair  well,  in  all  tenement 
houses  hereafter  erected,  without  windows  as  above  provided,  a  venti- 
lating skylight  provided  with  ridge  ventilators,  having  a  minimum 
opening  of  forty  square  inches,  or  else  such  skylight  shall  be  provided 
with  fixed  or  movable  louvres.  The  glazed  roof  of  the  skylight  shall  not 
be  less  than  twenty  square  feet  in  area. 

Privacy. 

SECT.  67.  In  every  apartment  of  four  or  more  rooms  in  a  tenement 
house  hereafter  erected,  at  least  one  water-closet  compartment  shall 
be  accessible  without  passing  through  any  bedroom. 

Basements  in  Tenement  Houses  hereafter  erected. 

SECT.  68.  In  tenement  houses  hereafter  erected  no  room  in  the 
basement  shall  be  occupied  for  living  purposes,  unless  all  of  the  following 
conditions  are  complied  with :  — 

(1.)  Such  room  shall  be  at  least  eight  and  one  half  feet  high  in  every 
part  from  the  floor  to  the  ceiling. 

(2.)  There  shall  be  appurtenant  to  such  room  the  use  of  a  separate 
water-closet,  constructed  and  arranged  as  required  by  section  sixty-nine. 

(3.)  Such  room  shall  have  a  window  or  windows  opening  upon  the 
street,  an  alley  or  open  passageway  not  less  than  fifteen  feet  in  width,  a 
railroad  right  of  way,  cemetery  or  public  park  or  upon  a  yard  or  court. 
The  total  area  of  windows  in  such  room  shall  be  at  least  one  eighth  of 
the  floor  area  of  the  room,  and  one  half  of  the  sash  shall  be  made  to  open 
full  width,  and  the  top  of  each  window  shall  be  within  six  inches  of  the 
ceiling. 

(4.)  The  floor  of  such  room  shall  be  damp-proof  and  waterproof,  and 
all  walls  surrounding  such  room  shall  be  damp-proof. 

Water-closets  in  Tenement  Houses  hereafter  erected. 

SECT.  69.  In  every  tenement  house  hereafter  erected  there  shall  be 
a  separate  water-closet  in  a  separate  compartment  within  each  apart- 
ment of  four  or  more  rooms.  Where  apartments  consist  of  less  than  four 
rooms  there  shall  be  at  least  one  water-closet  for  every  three  rooms,  and 
on  the  same  floor  with  said  rooms.  Every  such  water-closet  shall  be 
placed  in  a  compartment  completely  separated  from  every  other  water- 
closet,  and  such  compartment  shall  be  not  less  than  two  feet  and  four 
inches  wide,  and  shall  be  enclosed  with  plastered  partitions,  or  some 
equally  substantial  material,  which  shall  extend  to  the  ceiling.  Such 
compartment  shall  have  a  window,  opening  directly,  or  through  a 
straight  horizontal  shaft  of  the  same  dimensions  as  the  window  and  not 
more  than  four  feet  long,  upon  a  street,  a  railroad  right  of  way,  cemetery 
or  public  park  or  a  yard  or  alley  or  open  passageway  not  less  than  four 
feet  wide,  or  upon  a  court  vent  or  upon  a  covered  passageway  not  more 
than  twenty  feet  long  and  at  least  twenty  feet  wide,  and  twenty  feet 


Acts  of  1907,  Chapter  550.  39 

high.  Every  such  window  shall  be  at  least  one  foot  by  three  feet  be- 
tween stop  beads;  and  the  whole  window  shall  be  made  so  as  to  open 
readily.  When,  however,  such  water-closet  compartment  is  located  on 
the  top  floor  and  is  lighted  and  ventilated  by  a  skylight  over  it,  no 
window  shall  be  necessary,  provided  that  the  roof  of  such  skylight  con- 
tains at  least  three  square  feet  of  glazed  surface  and  is  arranged  so  as 
to  open  readily.  Nothing  in  this  section  in  regard  to  the  separation  of 
water-closet  compartments  from  each  other  shall  apply  to  a  general 
toilet  room  containing  several  water-closets,  hereafter  placed  in  a  tene- 
ment house,  provided  that  such  water-closets  are  supplemental  to  the 
water-closet  accommodations  required  by  law  for  the  use  of  the  tenants 
of  the  said  house.  Nothing  in  this  section  in  regard  to  the  ventilation 
of  water-closet  compartments  shall  apply  to  a  water-closet  hereafter 
placed  in  an  existing  tenement  house,  to  replace  a  defective  fixture  in 
the  same  position  and  location.  No  water-closet  shall  be  maintained 
in  the  cellar  of  any  tenement  house  without  a  permit  in  writing  from  the 
board  of  health;  and  said  board  shall  have  power  to  make  rules  and 
regulations  governing  the  maintenance  of  such  closets.  Every  water- 
closet  compartment  in  any  tenement  house  shall  be  provided  with  proper 
means  of  lighting  the  same  at  night.  If  fixtures  for  gas  or  electricity 
are  not  provided  in  such  compartment,  then  the  door  of  such  compart- 
ment shall  be  provided  with  translucent  glass  panels,  or  with  a  trans- 
lucent glass  transom,  not  less  in  area  than  four  square  feet.  The  floor 
of  every  such  water-closet  compartment  shall  be  made  waterproof  with 
asphalt,  tile,  stone  or  some  other  waterproof  material;  and  such  water- 
proofing shall  extend  at  least  six  inches  above  the  floor  on  all  sides  of 
the  compartment  except  at  the  door  opening,  so  that  the  floor  can  be 
washed  or  flushed  without  leaking.  No  drip  trays  shall  be  permitted. 
No  water-closet  fixtures  shall  be  inclosed  with  any  woodwork. 

Lighting  and  Ventilation  of  Existing  Tenement  Houses. 

SECT.  70.  Excepting  water-closet  compartments  and  bathrooms, 
wherever  a  room  in  any  tenement  house  has  a  window  or  windows  of  less 
than  nine  square  feet  of  glazed  surface  opening  on  a  street,  a  railroad 
right  of  way,  cemetery,  public  park,  alley  or  open  passageway  not  less 
than  ten  feet  in  width,  such  window  or  windows  shall  be  enlarged  and 
provided  with  the  above  mentioned  glazed  surface,  and  wherever  such 
room  does  not  open  as  above  provided,  or  opens  upon  an  alley  or  open 
passageway  less  than  ten  feet  in  width  or  upon  a  shaft  or  upon  a  court 
less  than  six  feet  in  its  least  dimension,  then  such  room  shall  be  pro- 
vided with  a  sash  window  communicating  with  another  room  in  the  same 
apartment,  having  windows  of  at  least  the  superficial  area  prescribed  for 
the  windows  of  rooms  in  tenement  houses  hereafter  erected  and  opening 
on  a  street,  a  railroad  right  of  way,  cemetery,  public  park  or  alley  or  open 
passageway  at  least  ten  feet  in  width,  or  on  a  court  or  courts  at  least 
equivalent  to  the  courts  required  in  sections  fifty-eight  and  fifty-nine; 
and  such  new  sash  window  shall  contain  not  less  than  fifteen  square 
feet  of  glazed  surface  and  shall  be  made  so  as  to  open  readily.  One 
wall  of  every  alcove  in  an  existing  tenement  house  shall  be  provided 
with  an  opening  equal  in  area  to  eighty  per  cent  of  the  wall.  No  ten- 
ement house  shall  be  so  altered  as  to  reduce  the  provisions  for  the  light 


40  Acts  of  1907,  Chapter  550. 

and  ventilation  of  any  room  or  alcove  or  public  hall  or  stair  hall  below 
the  requirements  of  this  act. 

Skylights. 

SECT.  71.  In  every  existing  tenement  house  there  shall  be  in  the 
roof,  directly  over  each  stair  well,  a  ventilating  skylight,  provided  with 
ridge  ventilators  and  also  with  fixed  or  movable  louvres  or  movable 
sashes.  But  this  section  shall  not  apply  to  any  tenement  house  now 
having  windows  as  provided  in  section  sixty-five  or  a  bulkhead  in 
the  roof  over  the  main  stairs,  which  bulkhead  is  provided  with  windows 
made  so  as  to  open  readily,  and  with  not  less  than  twelve  square  feet 
of  glass  in  the  top  of  the  bulkhead.  All  skylights  hereafter  placed  in 
any  tenement  house  shall  conform  to  the  provisions  of  section  sixty- 
six.  All  the  existing  dome  lights  or  other  obstructions  to  skylight 
ventilation  shall  be  removed. 

Where  the  public  hall  in  an  existing  tenement  house  is  not  provided 
with  windows  opening  as  provided  in  section  sixty-five,  and  where 
there  is  not  a  stair  well  as  provided  in  section  sixty-six,  all  doors  lead- 
ing from  such  public  hall  into  apartments  shall  be  provided  with  trans- 
lucent glass  panels  of  an  area  of  not  less  than  four  square  feet  for  each 
door;  or  such  public  hall  may  be  lighted  by  a  window  or  windows  at  the 
end  thereof  with  the  plane  of  the  window  at  right  angles  to  the  axis  of 
the  hall,  said  window  opening  upon  the  street,  a  railroad  right  of  way, 
cemetery,  public  park,  or  an  alley  or  open  passageway  at  least  ten  feet  in 
width,  or  upon  a  yard  or  court  of  the  dimensions  hereinbefore  provided. 

Water-closets  in  Existing  Tenement  Houses. 

SECT.  72.  In  existing  tenement  houses  the  woodwork  enclosing  the 
space  underneath  the  seat  of  all  water-closets  used  in  common  by  two  or 
more  families  shall  be  removed  and  such  space  shall  be  left  open.  The 
floor  or  other  surface  beneath  and  around  such  closet  shall  be  maintained 
in  good  order  and  repair,  and  the  floors  made  waterproof  to  the  satis- 
faction of  the  board  of  health.  - 

Every  such  water-closet  shall  be  located  in  a  compartment  completely 
separated  from  every  other  water-closet,  and  such  compartment  shall  be 
ventilated  to  the  satisfaction  of  the  board  of  health.  There  shall  be 
provided  at  least  one  water-closet  for  every  three  families  or  for  every 
nine  rooms  in  every  existing  tenement  house. 

Water  Supply. 

SECT.  73.  In  every  tenement  house  hereafter  erected  there  shall  be 
in  each  apartment  a  proper  sink  with  running  water. 

Every  existing  tenement  house  shall  have  water  furnished  in  sufficient 
quantity  at  one  or  more  places  on  each  floor  occupied  by  or  suitable  to  be 
occupied  by  one  or  more  families.  The  owner  shall  provide  proper  and 
suitable  tanks,  pumps  or  other  appliances  to  receive  and  to  distribute  a 
sufficient  supply  of  water  at  each  floor  in  the  said  house  at  all  times  of 
the  year,  during  all  hours  of  the  day  and  night. 

The  woodwork  enclosing  sinks  located  in  the  public  halls  or  stairs  shall 
be  removed,  and  the  space  underneath  the  sinks  shall  be  left  open.  The 


Acts  of  1907,  Chapter  550.  41 

floors  and  wall  surfaces  beneath  and  around  the  sink  shall  be  maintained 
in  good  order  and  repair. 

Drainage  of  Courts  and  Yards. 

SECT.  74.  In  every  tenement  house  all  courts,  areas,  intakes  and 
yards  shall  be  properly  graded,  drained  and  paved  or  otherwise  surfaced 
to  the  satisfaction  of  the  board  of  health. 

Receptacles  for  Garbage  and  Ashes. 

SECT.  75.  The  owner  of  every  tenement  house  shall  provide  there- 
for suitable,  covered,  water-tight  receptacles  satisfactory  to  the  board  of 
health,  for  ashes,  rubbish,  garbage,  refuse  and  other  matter.  No  person 
shall  place  ashes,  rubbish,  garbage,  refuse  or  other  matter  in  the  yards, 
open  areas  or  alleys  connected  with,  or  appurtenant  to,  any  tenement 
house  except  in  suitable  receptacles  provided  for  the  same. 

Powers  of  the  Building  Commissioner. 

SECT.  76.  The  commissioner  shall  not  dispense  with  any  of  the 
requirements  of  sections  forty-two  to  seventy-five,  inclusive. 

THEATRES. 

Definition. 

SECT.  77.  Every  building  hereafter  erected  so  as  to  contain  an 
audience  hall  and  a  stage,  with  curtain,  movable  or  shifting  scenery,  and 
machinery,  adapted  for  the  giving  of  plays,  operas,  spectacles  or  similar 
forms  of  entertainment,  and  of  a  size  to  provide  seats  for  more  than  five 
hundred  spectators  shall  be  a  theatre  within  the  meaning  of  this  act. 
No  existing  building  not  now  used  as  a  theatre  shall  be  altered  and  used 
as  a  theatre,  unless  it  conforms  to  the  provisions  of  this  act  for  a  new 
theatre. 

Construction. 

SECT.  78.  Every  theatre  hereafter  built  shall  be  of  fireproof  con- 
struction throughout,  except  that  the  floor  boards  may  be  of  wood,  and 
the  steel  work  of  the  stage,  of  the  fly  galleries,  and  of  the  rigging  loft 
need  not  be  fireproof ed. 

Open  Courts. 

SECT.  79.  Every  theatre  built  in  a  block  not  on  a  corner  shall  have 
an?  open  court  or  passageway  on  both  sides  extending  from  the  pro- 
scenium line  to  the  line  of  the  street  on  the  front,  or,  in  case  the  building 
abuts  on  a  street  both  in  front  and  rear,  these  passages  may  extend  from 
the  line  of  the  front  of  the  auditorium  to  the  line  of  the  rear  street. 
These  passages  shall  be  at  least  six  feet  wide  throughout  their  length,  and 
shall  not  be  closed  by  any  locked  gate  or  doorway.  They  shall  imme- 
diately adjoin  the  auditorium,  or  a  side  passage  or  lobby  directly  con- 
nected therewith.  These  passages  shall  be  open  to  the  sky  opposite  the 
whole  depth  of  the  auditorium,  but  may  be  carried  out  to  the  street  front 
or  rear  through  passages  enclosed  by  brick  walls  or  other  fireproof  ma- 


42  Acts  of  1907,  Chapter  550. 

terial  equally  efficient,  and  covered  by  a  solid  brick  vault  at  least  eight 
inches  thick,  each  passage  to  be  not  less  than  eight  feet  wide  and  ten 
feet  high  throughout. 

SECT.  80.  Every  theatre  built  upon  the  corner  of  two  streets  shall 
have  one  inner  court  on  the  side  of  the  building  away  from  the  side 
street,  such  court  to  be  of  the  same  description  as  the  courts  provided 
for  in  the  preceding  paragraph. 

Stores,  etc. 

SECT.  81.  Nothing  in  this  act  shall  be  construed  to  prohibit  the 
use  of  any  part  of  a  theatre  building  for  stores,  offices,  or  for  habitation, 
provided  that  the  parts  so  used  shall  be  built  with  exits  to  the  street 
entirely  distinct  from  the  rest  of  the  building  and  shall  be  separated 
from  the  rest  of  the  building  by  solid  partitions  or  wal  s,  without  any 
openings  in  the  same. 

Floor  Levels. 

SECT.  82.  In  all  theatres,  the  entrances  shall  be  not  more  than  one 
step  above  the  level  of  the  sidewalk  of  the  main  street,  and  the  stage 
shall  be  not  more  than  five  feet  above  the  said  level. 

Proscenium  Wall. 

SECT.  83.  The  stage  of  every  theatre  shall  be  separated  from  the 
auditorium  by  a  wall  of  fireproof  construction,  which  wall  shall  extend 
the  whole  width  of  the  auditorium  and  the  whole  height  to  the  roof  of 
the  portion  occupied  by  the  stage.  There  shall  be  no  openings  through 
this  wall  except  the  curtain  opening,  one  doorway  each  side  behind  the 
boxes,  and  one  doorway  which  shall  be  located  at  or  below  the  level  of 
the  stage.  The  doorways  shall  not  exceed  twenty-one  superficial  feet 
each,  and  shall  have  standard  fire-doors  hung  in  a  manner  satisfactory 
to  the  commissioner.  The  finish  or  decorative  features  around  the 
curtain  opening  of  every  theatre  shall  be  of  fireproof  material. 

Curtain. 

SECT.  84.  The  proscenium  or  curtain  opening  of  every  theatre 
shall  have  a  fire  resisting  curtain  reinforced  by  wire  netting  or  otherwise 
strengthened.  If  of  iron,  or  similar  heavy  materia1,  and  made  to  lower 
from  the  top,  it  shal  be  so  arranged  as  to  be  stopped  securely  at  a  height 
of  seven  feet  above  the  stage  floor,  the  remaining  opening  being  closed 
by  a  curtain  or  valance  of  fire-resisting  fabric. 

Stage  Floor. 

SECT.  85.  The  part  of  the  stage  floor,  usually  equal  to  the  width 
of  the  proscenium  opening,  used  in  working  scenery,  traps  or  other 
mechanical  apparatus,  may  be  of  wood,  and  no  flooring  used  thereon 
shall  be  less  than  one  and  one  eighth  inches  in  thickness. 

Ventilators. 

SECT.  86.  There  shall  be  one  or  more  ventilators  near  the  center, 
and  above  the  highest  part  of  the  stage  of  every  theatre,  of  a  combined 
area  of  opening  satisfactory  to  the  commissioner,  and  not  less  than  one 


Acts  of  1907,  Chapter  550.  43 

tenth  of  the  area  of  the  undivided  floor  space  behind  the  curtain  at  the 
stage  floor  level.  The  openings  in  every  such  ventilator  shall  be  closed 
by  valves  or  louvres  so  counterbalanced  as  to  open  automatically,  which 
shall  be  kept  closed,  when  not  in  use,  by  a  fusible  link  and  cord  reaching 
to  the  prompter's  desk,  and  readily  operated  therefrom.  Such  cord  shall 
be  of  combustible  material,  and  so  arranged  that  if  it  is  severed  the 
ventilator  will  open  automatically. 

Skylight  coverings  for  ventilators  shall  have  sheet  metal  frames  set 
with  double-thick  glass,  each  pane  thereof  measuring  not  less  than  three 
hundred  square  inches,  or  shall  be  protected  with  wire  glass.  If  wire 
glass  is  not  used,  a  suitable  wire  netting  shall  be  placed  immediately 
beneath  the  glass,  but  above  the  ventilator  opening.  Illuminating  fix- 
tures over  the  auditorium  shall  be  suspended  and  secured  in  a  manner 
approved  by  the  commissioner. 

Glass  on  illuminating  fixtures  over  the  auditorium  shall  be  secured 
from  danger  of  falling  as  the  commissioner  shall  require,  but  in  no  case 
shall  any  glass  more  than  six  inches  in  diameter  or  length  be  hung  over 
the  auditorium  unless  protected  from  falling  by  a  wire  netting  or  similar 
device  satisfactory  to  the  commissioner. 

Seats  in  Auditorium. 

SECT.  87.  All  seats  in  the'  auditorium  excepting  those  contained 
in  boxes  shall  be  spaced  not  less  than  thirty  inches  from  back  to  back, 
measured  in  a  horizontal  direction,  and  shall  be  firmly  secured  to  the 
floor.  No  seat  in  the  auditorium  shall  have  more  than  six  seats  inter- 
vening between  it  and  an  aisle,  on  either  side. 

The  platforms  for  seats  in  balconies  and  galleries  shall  nowhere  have 
a  greater  rise  than  twenty-one  inches,  nor  be  less  than  thirty  inches  from 
back  to  back. 

Aisles. 

SECT.  88.  All  aisles  on  the  respective  floors  in  the  auditorium, 
having  seats  on  both  sides  of  the  same,  shall  be  not  less  than  thirty  inches 
wide  where  they  begin,  and  shall  be  increased  in  width  toward  the  exits 
in  the  ratio  of  one  inch  to  five  running  feet.  Aisles  having  seats  on  one 
side  only  shall  be  not  less  than  two  feet  wide  at  their  beginning  and  shall 
increase  in  width,  the  same  as  aisles  having  seats  on  both  sides. 

Changes  in  Level. 

SECT.  89.  All  changes  in  the  levels  of  the  floors  of  such  buildings, 
except  under  stairways,  from  story  to  story,  and  except  the  necessary 
steps  in  galleries  and  balconies  rising  toward  the  exits,  shall  be  made 
by  inclines  of  no  steeper  gradient  than  two  in  ten  within  the  auditorium, 
and  rising  toward  the  exits,  and  one  in  ten  for  all  others. 

Lobbies. 

SECT.  90.  Preceding  each  division  of  the  theatre  there  shall  be 
foyers,  lobbies,  corridors,  or  passages,  the  aggregate  capacity  of  which  on 
each  floor  or  gallery  shall  be  sufficient  to  contain  the  whole  number  to  be 
accommodated  on  such  floor  or  gallery  in  the  ratio  of  one  square  foot  of 
floor  room  for  each  person. 


44  Acts  of  1907,  Chapter  550. 

Stage  Doors. 

SECT.  91.  There  shall  be  not  less  than  two  exit  doors,  each  not 
less  than  three  feet  in  width,  located  on  opposite  sides  of  the  stage,  and 
opening  directly  upon  a  street,  alley,  court,  or  courtway  leading  to  a 
public  throughfare. 

Room  Exits. 

SECT.  92.  All  rooms  in  theatres  for  the  use  of  persons  employed 
therein  shall  have  passages  to  at  least  two  independent  means  of  exit. 

Doors  to  Open  Outward. 

SECT.  93.  All  doors  of  exit  or  entrance  shall  open  outward,  and 
shall  be  hung  so  as  to  swing  in  such  a  manner  as  not  to  become  an  ob- 
struction in  a  passage  or  corridor,  and  no  such  doors  shall  be  fastened 
-so  as  to  be  inoperative  when  the  building  is  occupied  by  an  audience. 

False  Doors. 

SECT.  94.  No  mirrors  shall  be  so  placed  as  to  give  the  appearance 
•of  a  doorway  or  exit,  hallway,  or  corridor,  nor  shall  there  be  any  false 
doors  or  windows. 

Main  Floor  and  First  Gallery  Exits. 

SECT.  95.  A  common  exit  may  serve  for  the  main  floor  of  the 
auditorium  and  the  first  gallery,  provided  that  its  capacity  be  equal  to 
the  aggregate  capacity  of  the  outlets  from  the  main  floor  and  the  said 
gallery;  and  provided  that  the  lowermost  run  of  any  exit  leading  from 
a  gallery  shall  not  open  directly  at  right  angles  with  the  central  axis  of 
a  common  exit  unless  there  is  a  clear  space  or  landing  of  at  least  one  and 
one  quarter  times  the  width  of  the  exit  between  the  foot  of  such  exit  and 
such  centre  line  or  nearest  exit  doorway. 

Exits. 

SECT.  96.  Two  distinct  and  separate  exits  shall  be  provided  for 
each  gallery  and  balcony  above  the  main  floor;  and  the  same  shall  be 
located  on  opposite  sides  of  the  galleries. 

-  All  gallery  or  balcony  exits  shall  start  with  a  width  of  not  less  than 
four  feet  at  the  uppermost  gallery. 

fe  Exits  from  balconies  and  galleries  shall  not  communicate  with  the 
basement  or  cellar. 

Aggregate  Width  of  Exits. 

SECT.  97.  The  aggregate  width  of  all  the  exits  previously  de- 
scribed shall  be  estimated  on  a  basis  of  not  less  than  twenty  inches  for 
•every  one  hundred  persons  for  whom  seats  are  provided  in  the  sections 
of  the  auditorium  served  by  the  respective  exits. 

Emergency  Exits. 

SECT.  98.  In  addition  to  the  exits  previously  described  there  shall 
be  one  exit  from  each  side  of  each  gallery,  balcony,  and  main  floor  of 


Acts  of  1907,  Chapter  550.  45 

auditorium,  at  least  five  feet  wide,  leading  to  exterior  balconies  not  less- 
than  four  feet  wide  and  twenty  feet  long  on  each  side  of  the  auditorium. 
From  such  balconies  there  shall  be  staircases  extending  to  the  ground 
level,  which  may  be  counterweighted,  with  risers  of  not  over  eight  and 
one  half  inches  and  treads  of  not  less  than  nine  and  one  half  inches, 
exclusive  of  nosing.  The  aggregate  width  of  these  emergency  stairs 
shall  be  not  less  than  ten  inches  for  every  one  hundred  people  served 
thereby,  no  single  stairs  being  less  than  thirty  inches  wide.  If  counter- 
weighted,  these  stairs  shall  be  lowered  during  all  performances. 

Where  all  such  stairs  are  in  an  interior  court,  each  run  shall  be  covered 
by  a  light  awning  of  iron. 

Nothing  herein  shall  prohibit  the  building  of  emergency  stairs  and 
exits  inside  the  walls  of  the  building,  provided  that  they  are  surrounded 
by  a  fireproof  partition  not  less  than  four  inches  thick  separating  the 
exits  and  stairways  from  the  audience  room  or  auditorium. 

Additional  Requirements. 

SECT.  99.  The  commissioner  shall  have  power  to  require  a  greater 
number  or  capacity  of  exits  than  is  herein  prescribed. 

In  every  theatre  there  shall  be  over  every  exit,  on  the  inside,  and  over 
every  opening  to  a  fire-escape,  on  the  inside,  an  illuminated  sign,  bearing 
the  word  "  exit "  or  "  fire-escape,"  respectively,  in  letters  not  less  than 
four  inches  high.  The  lights  for  the  exit  signs,  passages,  stairs,  lobbies, 
auditoriums,  rear  of  auditoriums,  balconies,  galleries,  and  for  the  bal- 
conies and  stairs  outside  the  building,  shall  be  so  arranged  that  they  can 
be  turned  on  or  off  independently  of  the  means  provided  on  the  stage 
or  in  any  part  of  the  building  in  the  rear  of  the  proscenium  wall.  Every 
exit  sign  shall  be  kept  illuminated,  and  every  outside  balcony  and  fire- 
escape  shall  be  kept  well  lighted  during  the  performance,  except  outside 
exits  during  a  performance  before  sunset. 

Plans  showing  the  exits  and  stairways  shall  be  legibly  printed  so  as  to 
occupy  a  full  page  of  every  programme  or  play-bill. 

In  said  buildings  there  shall  be  such  number  of  gas  pipe  outlets  as  the 
commissioner  may  require,  fitted  with  no  less  than  two  gas  burners. 
Such  burners  shall  be  inspected  and  tried  at  least  once  in  every  three 
months  by  inspectors  of  the  department,  to  ascertain  if  they  are  in 
,  proper  working  order.  The  inspector  shall  make  a  report  of  each  visit, 
stating  the  condition  of  the  burners  and  the  action  of  the  inspector  in 
regard  to  them. 

The  commissioner  shall  have  authority  to  order  any  defect  in  the 
working  of  such  burners  as  are  necessary  for  public  safety  to  be  remedied. 

So  much  of  this  section  as  applies  to  the  inspection  of  gas  burners 
shall  apply  to  buildings  now  used  as  theatres. 

Stairs. 

SECT.  100.  The  cut  of  the  stair  stringers  shall  not  exceed  seven 
and  one  half  inches  rise,  nor  be  less  than  ten  and  one  half  inches  tread. 


There  shall  be  no  flights  of  stairs  of  more  than  fif 
steps  between  landings. 


een  or  less  than  three 


CIVIL  ENGINEERING 
U.  of  C. 

iccnrUTIAM  IIRPlRY 


46  Acts  of  1907,  Chapter  550. 


Landings  of  Stairs. 

SECT.  101.  Every  landing  shall  be  at  least  four  feet  wide.  When 
straight  stairs  return  directly  on  themselves,  a  landing  of  the  full  width 
of  both  flights,  without  any  steps,  shall  be  provided.  The  outer  line  of 
landings  shall  be  curved  to  a  radius  of  not  less  than  two  feet  to  avoid 
square  angles.  Stairs  turning  at  an  angle  shall  have  a  proper  landing 
without  winders  introduced  at  the  turn.  No  door  shall  open  immedi- 
ately upon  a  flight  of  stairs,  but  a  landing  at  least  two  feet  wider  than 
the  width  of  the  door  opening  shall  be  provided  between  such  stairs  and 
such  door.  When  two  side  flights  connect  with  one  main  flight,  no 
winders  shall  be  introduced,  and  the  width  of  the  main  flight  shall  be  at 
least  equal  to  the  aggregate  width  of  the  side  flights. 

Hand-rails. 

SECT.  102.  All  enclosed  stairways  shall  have,  on  both  sides,  strong 
hand-rails,  firmly  secured  to  the  wall,  about  three  inches  distant  there- 
from and  about  three  feet  high  above  the  stairs. 

All  stairways  eight  feet  and  over  in  width  shall  be  provided  with  a 
central  rail  of  metal  or  hard  wood,  not  less  than  two  inches  in  diameter, 
placed  at  a  height  of  about  three  feet  above  the  centre  of  the  treads, 
supported  on  wrought  metal  or  brass  standards  of  sufficient  strength, 
securely  bolted  to  the  treads  or  risers  of  the  stairs;  and  at  the  head  of 
each  flight  of  stairs,  and  on  each  side  of  the  landing,  the  post  or  standard 
shall  be  at  least  six  feet  in  height,  and  the  rail  shall  be  secured  to  the  post. 

Measurements  for  Width  of  Stairs. 

SECT.  103.  The  width  of  all  stairs  shall  be  measured  in  the  clear 
between  the  hand-rails. 

No  winding  or  circular  stairs  shall  be  permitted. 

Radiators  Forbidden  in  Passageways. 

SECT.  104.  No  coil  or  radiator  or  floor  register  shall  be  placed  in 
any  aisle  or  passageway  used  as  an  exit;  but  all  such  coils  and  radiators 
may  be  placed  in  recesses  formed  in  the  wall  or  partition  to  receive  the 
same. 

No  boiler,  furnace,  engine  or  heating  apparatus,  except  steam,  hot 
water  or  hot  air  pipes  or  radiators,  shall  be  located  under  the  auditorium 
or  under  any  passage  or  stairway  or  exit  of  any  theatre. 

Sprinklers  and  Standpipes. 

There  shall  be  at  least  two  two-inch  high-service  stand  pipes  on  the 
stage  of  every  theatre,  with  ample  provision  of  hose  nozzles  at  each  level 
of  the  stage  on  each  side,  and  the  water  shall  be  kept  turned  on  during 
the  occupation  of  the  building  by  an  audience.  The  said  pipes  shall  in 
no  case  be  sealed,  and  shall  have  two  gates,  one  above  the  other,  with  a 
proper  test  or  waste  valve;  the  lower  gate  to  be  kept  open  at  all  times. 
The  proscenium  opening  of  every  theatre  shall  be  provided  with  a  two 
and  one  half  inch  perforated  iron  pipe,  or  equivalent  equipment  of 
automatic  or  open  sprinklers,  so  constructed  as  to  form,  when  in  opera- 


Acts  of  1907,  Chapter  550.  47 

tion,  a  complete  water  curtain  for  the  whole  proscenium  opening,  and 
there  shall  be  for  the  rest  of  the  stage  a  complete  system  of  fire  apparatus 
and  perforated  iron  pipes,  automatic  or  open  sprinklers.  Such  pipes 
or  sprinklers  shall  be  supplied  with  water  by  high  pressure  service,  and 
shall  be  at  all  times  ready  for  use. 

PLACES    OF    PUBLIC    ASSEMBLY. 

SECT.  105.  Every  building  hereafter  erected  with  a  hall  or  assem- 
bly-room to  contain  a  public  audience  of  more  than  eight  hundred 
persons,  or  with  more  than  one  superimposed  gallery  or  balcony,  shall  be 
of  fireproof  construction  throughout;  except  that  halls  or  assembly- 
rooms,  the  mean  level  of  the  main  floor  of  which  is  not  more  than  five 
feet  above  the  grade  of  the  adjacent  street,  may  have  roofs  of  second 
class  construction. 

Every  building  hereafter  erected  with  a  hall  or  assembly-room  to 
contain  an  audience  of  more  than  six  hundred  persons,  the  main  floor  of 
which  is  raised  more  than  fifteen  feet  above  the  level  of  the  principal 
street  upon  which  it  faces,  shall  be  of  fireproof  construction  throughout. 

The  capacity  of  a  hall  or  assembly-room  shall  be  estimated  on  the  basis 
of  six  square  feet  for  each  person. 

If  several  halls  or  assembly-rooms  are  provided  in  one  building,  their 
aggregate  capacity  shall  be  considered  as  determining  whether  or  not  the 
building  shall  be  of  fireproof  construction,  unless  the  several  halls  are 
enclosed  by  or  separated  from  each  other  by  fireproof  walls,  with  fireproof 
doors  in  the  same,  in  which  case  the  building  may  be  of  second  class 
construction. 

No  existing  building  shall  be  altered  to  contain  a  hall  or  assembly- 
room  exceeding  the  foregoing  dimensions,  unless  the  whole  building  as 
altered  shall  conform  to  the  provisions  of  this  act. 

Moving  Picture  Shows. 

SECT.  106.  All  moving  picture  shows  shall  be  subject  to  the  pro- 
visions of  chapter  one  hundred  and  seventy-six  and  of  chapter  four 
hundred  and  thirty-seven  of  the  acts  of  the  year  nineteen  hundred  and 
five,  and  of  any  amendments  thereof  or  additions  thereto  now  or  here- 
after made. 

Exits,  Etc. 

SECT.  107.  Every  building  hereafter  erected  containing  a  hall  or 
assembly-room  shall  conform  to  all  the  aforesaid  requirements  as  to 
exits,  stairways,  exit  lights,  aisles,  and  seats  which  apply  to  theatres, 
subject  to  such  exceptions  as  the  board  of  appeal  shall  approve. 

Roof  Gardens. 

SECT.  108.  Nothing  herein  contained  shall  prevent  the  placing  of 
a  roof  garden,  art  gallery,  or  rooms  for  similar  purposes  above  a  theatre, 
provided  the  floor  of  the  same  forming  the  roof  over  such  theatre  shall 
be  constructed  of  fireproof  materials,  and  shall  have  no  covering  boards 
or  sleepers  of  wood.  Every  roof  over  such  garden  or  other  rooms  shall 
have  all  supports  and  rafters  of  steel,  and,  if  covered,  shall  be  covered 
with  glass  or  fireproof  material,  or  both. 


48  Acts  of  1907,  Chapter  550. 

Exits  from  Roof  Gardens. 

SECT.  109.  Exits  from  roof  gardens  may  communicate  with  stairs 
leading  from  the  auditorium  of  the  theatre,  but  they  shall  be  at  least 
four  in  number,  not  less  than  four  feet  six  inches  wide,  and  distinct  and 
separate  from  each  other  from  roof  to  street. 

Summer  Theatres. 

SECT.  110.  Summer  theatres,  if  built  without  the  building  limits, 
and  located  thirty  feet  distant  from  any  other  building  or  structure  or 
adjoining  lot  lines,  and  of  no  greater  seating  capacity  than  seven  hun- 
dred and  fifty  persons,  and  not  more  than  one  story  high,  without  bal- 
conies, or  galleries,  may  be  constructed  as  follows:  — 

The  auditorium,  without  a  cellar  or  basement,  with  open  sides  of 
double  the  number  of  exits  as  hereinbefore  provided,  opening  directly 
into  the  surrounding  courts  or  gardens  at  the  grade  level,  and  the  ad- 
joining dressing-rooms,  may  be  of  wooden  construction,  but  the  stage 
shall  be  enclosed  in  brick  walls  not  less  than  twelve  inches  thick,  or  shall 
be  plastered  on  metal  lathing  throughout:  provided,  that  the  openings 
leading  to  the  dressing-rooms  shall  be  provided  with  fire-doors. 

Otherwise,  all  protective  features  and  arrangements  shall  comply  with 
all  previous  sections  of  this  title. 

Existing  Theatres. 

SECT.  111.  All  stairs  and  landings  of  theatres  shall  have  through- 
out proper  hand-rails  on  both  sides  firmly  secured  to  walls  or  to  strong 
posts  and  balusters.  Stairways  twelve  feet  or  more  wide  shall  have  one 
or  more  intermediate  rails  not  more  than  eight  feet  apart  and  properly 
supported. 

No  boiler,  furnace,  engine  or  heating  apparatus,  except  steam,  hot 
water  or  hot  air  pipes  or  radiators,  shall  be  located  under  the  auditorium 
nor  under  any  passage  or  stairway  or  exit  of  any  theatre. 

In  every  theatre  there  shall  be  over  every  exit,  on  the  inside,  and  over 
every  opening  to  a  fire-escape,  on  the  inside,  an  illuminated  sign,  bearing 
the  word  "  exit  "  or  "  fire-escape,"  respectively,  in  letters  not  less  than 
four  inches  high.  The  lights  for  the  exit  signs,  passages,  stairs,  lobbies, 
auditoriums,  rear  of  auditoriums,  balconies,  galleries,  and  for  the  bal- 
conies and  stairs  outside  the  building,  shall  be  so  arranged  that  they  can 
be  turned  on  or  off  independently  of  the  means  provided  on  the  stage  or 
from  any  part  of  the  building  in  the  rear  of  the  proscenium  wall.  Every 
exit  sign  shall  be  kept  illuminated  and  every  outside  balcony  and  fire- 
escape  shall  be  kept  well  lighted  during  the  performance,  except  outside 
exits  during  a  performance  in  the  daytime  and  before  sunset. 

The  exits  and  openings  to  fire-escapes  of  all  theatres  shall  open  out- 
ward and  have  fastenings  on  the  inside  only.  They  shall  be  unfastened 
during  every  performance  and  shall  be  so  arranged  that  they  can  easily 
be  opened  from  within.  Plans  showing  the  exits  and  stairways  shall  be 
legibly  printed  so  as  to  occupy  a  full  page  of  every  programme  or  play- 
bill. 

No  temporary  seats  or  other  obstructions  shall  be  allowed  in  any  aisle, 


Acts  of  1907,  Chapter  550.  49 

or  stairway  of  a  theatre,  and  no  person  shall  remain  in  any  aisle,  passage- 
way or  stairway  of  any  such  building  during  any  performance. 

The  proscenium  or  curtain  opening  of  every  theatre  shall  have  a  fire- 
resisting  curtain  of  incombustible  material,  reinforced  by  wire  netting, 
or  otherwise  strengthened.  If  of  iron,  or  similar  heavy  material,  and 
made  to  lower  from  the  top,  it  shall  be  so  arranged  as  to  be  stopped 
securely  at  a  height  of  seven  feet  above  the  stage  floor,  the  remaining 
opening  being  closed  by  a  curtain  or  valance  of  fire-resisting  fabric. 
The  curtain  shall  be  raised  at  the  beginning  and  lowered  at  the  end  of 
every  performance,  and  shall  be  of  proper  material,  construction  and 
mechanism. 

There  shall  be  one  or  more  ventilators  near  the  centre,  and  above  the 
highest  part  of  the  stage  of  every  theatre,  of  a  combined  area  of  opening 
satisfactory  to  the  building  commissioner,  and  not  less  than  one  tenth 
of  the  area  of  the  proscenium  opening.  Every  such  ventilator  shall  have 
a  valve  or  louvre  so  counterbalanced  as  to  open  automatically,  and  shall 
be  kept  closed,  when  not  in  use,  by  a  fusible  link  and  cord  reaching  to 
the  prompter's  desk,  and  readily  operated  therefrom.  Such  cord  shall  be 
of  combustible  material,  and  so  arranged  that  if  it  is  severed  the  ven- 
tilator will  open  automatically. 

There  shall  be  at  least  two  two-inch  high-service  standpipes  on  the 
stage  of  every  theatre,  with  ample  provision  of  hose  nozzles  at  each  level 
of  the  stage  on  each  side,  and  the  water  shall  be  kept  turned  on  during 
the  occupation  of  the  building  by  an  audience.  The  said  pipes  shall  have 
two  gates,  one  above  the  other,  with  a  proper  test  or  waste  valve;  the 
lower  gate  to  be  kept  open  at  all  times.  The  proscenium  opening  of 
every  theatre  shall  be  provided  with  a  two  and  one  half  inch  perforated 
iron  pipe  or  equivalent  equipment  of  automatic  or  open  sprinklers,  as 
the  commissioner  may  direct,  so  constructed  as  to  form  when  in  operation 
a  complete  water  curtain  for  the  whole  proscenium  opening,  and  there 
shall  be  for  the  rest  of  the  stage  a  complete  system  of  fire  apparatus  and 
perforated  iron  pipes,  automatic  or  open  sprinklers.  Such  pipes  or 
sprinklers  shall  be  supplied  with  water  by  high  pressure  service,  and 
shall  be  ready  for  use  at  all  times. 

PLUMBING. 

Definition  of  Terms. 

SECT.  112.  The  following  terms  shall  have  the  meanings  respec- 
tively assigned  to  them:  — 

"  Repair  of  leaks  "  shall  mean  such  repairs  as  are  necessary  to  protect 
property,  but  do  not  involve  any  extensive  change  in  construction. 

"  Y-branches  "  shall  mean  a  branch  at  sufficient  angle  to  direct  the 
flow  and  prevent  backing  up. 

"  Air  pipes  "  or  "  back  air  pipes  "  shall  mean  air  pipes  from  traps  that 
extend  toward  the  main  soil  pipe  or  the  outer  air  and  connect  with  not 
more  than  three  traps. 

"  Vent  pipes  "  shall  mean  general  lines  of  back  air  pipes  connecting 
with  more  than  three  fixtures. 

"  Drain  "  shall  mean  that  part  of  the  drainage  system  of  a  building 
extending  through  basement  or  cellar  to  sewer. 

"  Soil  pipe  "  shall  mean  that  part  of  the  drainage  system  of  a  building, 


50  Acts  of  1907,  Chapter  550. 

of  four  inches  or  more  internal  diameter,  between  basement  or  cellar  and 
the  highest  fixture  in  the  building. 

"  Ventilation  pipe  "  shall  mean  the  extension  of  the  soil  pipe  from  the 
highest  fixture  to  and  through  the  roof. 

"  Surface  drain  "  shall  mean  a  connection  with  drain  in  the  basement 
to  allow  egress  of  surface  water  or  overflow. 

"  Fixture  "  shall  mean  any  receptacle  or  outlet  placed  for  the  purpose 
of  disposing  of  waste  water  or  other  matter,  and  connecting  with  the 
waste,  soil  or  drain  pipe  of  a  building. 

Registration. 

SECT.  113.  No  plumber  shall  engage  in  or  work  at  the  business  of 
plumbing  unless  he  shall  first  have  registered  his  name  and  place  of 
business  in  the  office  of  the  commissioner,  and  no  person  shall  by  display 
of  sign  or  plumbing  material,  or  otherwise,  advertise  as  a  plumber  unless 
he  shall  have  been  registered  or  licensed  as  such.  Every  master  plumber 
shall  conspicuously  display  his  certificate  or  license  within  his  place  of 
business.  Notice  of  any  change  in  the  place  of  business  of  a  registered 
or  licensed  master  plumber  shall  immediately  be  given  by  him  to  the 
commissioner. 

Notices. 

SECT.  114.  Every  plumber,  before  doing  any  work  in  a  building, 
shall,  except  in  the  case  of  repair  of  leaks,  file  in  the  office  of  the  com- 
missioner, upon  blanks  for  that  purpose,  an  application  for  a  permit, 
and  if  required  by  the  commissioner  a  plan  or  sketch  of  the  work  to  be 
performed;  and  no  such  work  shall  be  done  in  any  building  without  a 
written  permit  from  the  commissioner. 

Connection  with  Sewer  or  Drain. 

SECT.  115.  The  plumbing  of  every  building  shall  be  separately  and 
independently  connected  outside  the  building  with  the  public  sewer,  if 
such  sewer  is  provided,  or  with  a  proper  and  sufficient  private  drain  or 
sewer  laid  outside  of  the  building,  and  if  a  sewer  is  not  accessible,  with  a 
proper  cesspool.  Several  buildings  may  have  a  common  sewer  connec- 
tion if  such  connection  is  approved  by  the  commissioner  and  the  super- 
intendent of  sewers. 

Inspection  and  Tests. 

SECT.  116.  Pipes  or  other  fixtures  shall  not  be  covered  or  concealed 
from  view  until  approved  by  the  commissioner,  who  shall  examine  or 
test  the  same  within  two  working  days  after  notice  that  they  are  ready 
for  inspection.  Plumbing  shall  not  be  used  unless,  when  roughed  in, 
the  wastes,  vents  and  back  air  pipes  and  traps  are  first  tested  by  water 
or  sufficient  air  pressure  in  the  presence  of  an  inspector,  when  such 
testing  is  practicable. 

Soil  and  Waste  Pipes  and  Traps. 

SECT  117.  The  waste  pipe  of  every  independent  sink,  basin,  bath- 
tub, water-closet,  slop-hopper,  urinal  or  other  fixture  shall  be  furnished 
with  a  separate  trap,  which  shall  be  placed  as  near  as  practicable  to  the 


Acts  of  1907,  Chapter  550.  51 

fixture  which  it  serves.  A  sink  and  set  of  three  wash-trays  may  be  con- 
nected to  the  house  drain  through  one  five  inch  round  trap,  when  the 
outlet  of  the  sink  is  not  over  three  feet  six  inches  from  the  nearest  outlet 
from  the  wash-trays;  and  in  such  case  the  trap  shall  be  above  the  floor. 
The  outlet  from  each  fixture  shall  enter  the  trap  separately.  Not  more 
than  four  wash-bowls  or  sinks  in  a  continuous  line  may  be  connected 
to  the  house  drain  through  one  five  inch  round  trap.  Two  or  more 
fixtures  on  the  same  level  with  not  more  than  two  feet  of  waste  pipe  and 
connecting  into  the  soil  or  waste  pipe  not  more  than  eighteen  inches 
below  the  top  water  line  of  the  trap,  shall  not  require  other  vent  than  the 
continuation  of  the  soil  or  waste  pipe  full  size  for  its  whole  length. 
Lateral  branches  of  soil  or  waste  pipe,  if  more  than  twenty  feet  in  length, 
shall  be  extended  through  the  roof  undiminished  in  size.  All  connections 
on  lead  waste  and  back  air  pipes  and  of  lead  pipes  to  brass  ferrules  and 
soldering  nipples  shall  be  full  size  wiped  soldered  branch,  round  or  flange 
joints.  Soil  and  waste  pipes  shall  have  proper  T-Y  or  Y  branches  for 
all  fixture  connections.  No  connection  to  lead  bends  for  water-closets 
or  slop  sinks  shall  be  permitted,  except  the  required  back  air  pipe  where 
a  continuous  vent  is  not  practicable. 

Earthenware  traps  shall  have  heavy  brass  floor  plates  soldered  to  the 
lead  bends  and  bolted  to  the  trap  flange,  and  the  joint  made  gas  tight 
with  red  or  white  lead.  Rubber  washers  for  floor  connections  shall  not 
be  used. 

Back  Air  Pipes,  Vents,  Etc. 

Traps  shall  be  protected  from  siphonage  or  air  pressure  by  special 
iron  or  brass  air  pipes  of  a  size  not  less  than  the  waste  pipes  they  serve; 
back  air  pipes  shall  not  be  connected  to  the  trap  or  branched  into  the 
waste  pipe,  except  where  a  continuous  vent  is  not  practicable,  but  a 
suitable  non-siphon  trap  may  be  used  without  a  back  air  pipe  upon  the 
approval  of  the  commissioner.  Back  air  pipes  shall  enter  the  waste 
pipe  within  eighteen  inches  from  the  trap  and  shall  be  a  continuation  of 
the  waste  pipe.  Lead  air  pipes  may  be  used  only  for  short  connections 
where  they  are  exposed  to  view.  Air  pipes  for  water-closet  traps  shall  be 
connected  to  the  highest  point  of  bend  or  trap,  and  may  be  of  two  inch 
bore  if  for  not  more  than  three  fixtures  and  less  than  thirty  feet  in  length  ; 
if  for  more  than  three  fixtures  or  more  than  thirty  feet  in  length  they 
shall  be  of  three  inch  bore.  Air  pipes  shall  be  run  as  direct  as  practicable 
and  if  one  and  one  half  inches  or  less  in  diameter  shall  not  exceed  thirty 
feet  in  length.  Two  or  more  air  pipes  may  be  connected  together  or 
with  a  vent  pipe;  but  in  every  such  case  the  connection  shall  be  above 
the  top  of  the  fixture.  The  trap  for  the  upper  fixture  on  a  line  of  soil  or 
waste  pipe,  if  within  five  feet  of  the  stack  in  a  horizontal  line,  shall  not 
require  a  special  air  pipe,  unless  the  outlet  is  branched  into  a  stack  more 
than  eighteen  inches  below  the  top  water  line  of  the  trap.  Diameters 
of  vent  pipes  shall  be  not  less  than  two  inches  for  main  vents  through 
less  than -seven  stories;  three  inches  for  water-closets  on  more  than  three 
floors,  and  for  other  fixtures  in  more  than  seven  stories.  All  vent  pipes 
shall  be  increased  one  inch  in  diameter  before  passing  through  the  roof. 
Vent  lines  shall  be  connected  at  the  bottom  with  a  soil  or  waste  pipe  or 
with  the  drain,  in  such  a  manner  as  to  prevent  accumulation  of  rust 
scale  and  properly  to  drip  the  water  of  condensation.  Offsets  shall  be 


52  Acts  of  1907,  Chapter  550. 

made  at  an  angle  of  not  less  than  forty-five  degrees.  Soil  pipes  or  iron 
waste  pipes,  vents  and  back  air  pipes,  shall  be  supported  by  clamps  to 
the  woodwork,  iron  drive  hooks  to  brick  walls,  or  bolted  clamps  to  iron 
girders. 

All  traps,  except  for  water-closets,  not  provided  with  special  air  pipes 
shall  be  suitable  non-siphon  traps  and  shall  have  at  least  a  four  inch 
water  seal.  Round  traps  shall  be  not  less  than  four  inches  in  diameter 
and  eight  inches  long,  and  made  of  eight-pound  lead.  All  trap  screws 
shall  be  water  sealed. 

Chemical  Laboratories. 

Fixtures  and  waste  pipes  in  chemical  laboratories  shall  be  installed  in 
accordance  with  plans  approved  by  the  commissioner. 

Stables. 

The  drainage  of  stable  fixtures  shall  be  constructed  according  to  plans 
approved  by  the  commissioner. 

SECT.  118.  In  buildings  where  a  series  of  bathrooms  or  kitchens  are 
located  directly  over  each  other  and  have  a  common  soil  or  waste 
pipe,  the  back  air  pipe  required  shall  be  a  vent  line  connecting  with  each 
outlet  branch  close  to  the  water-closet  connection  or  outlet  from  the  sink 
trap,  each  branch  vent  to  connect  to  vent  line  above  the  top  of  the  high- 
est fixture  on  each  floor,  the  vent  line  to  connect  to  main  vent  line  above 
the  top  of  the  highest  fixture  in  the  building. 

In  the  case  of  batteries  of  water-closets  or  other  fixtures  the  special  air 
pipe  from  each  trap  may  be  omitted,  provided  that  the  soil  or  waste  pipe, 
undiminished  in  size,  is  continued  to  a  point  above  the  roof  or  revented 
into  the  main  soil  pipe  system  above  the  top  of  the  uppermost  fixture. 

The  commissioner  shall  prepare  explanatory  sketches  showing  the 
method  of  construction  described  in  this  section. 

Refrigerator  Wastes  and  Drip  Pipes. 

SECT.  119.  All  drip  or  overflow  pipes  shall  be  extended  to  some 
place  in  open  sight,  and  in  no  case  shall  any  such  pipe  be  connected 
directly  with  the  drain  pipe.  No  waste  pipe  from  a  refrigerator  or  other 
receptacle  in  which  provisions  are  stored  shall  be  connected  directly  with 
a  drain  or  other  waste  pipe.  The  waste  pipes  from  all  other  fixtures 
shall  be  connected  directly  with  a  drain  pipe.  Refrigerator  wastes  con- 
necting with  two  or  more  stories  shall  be  supplied  with  a  trap  on  the 
branch  for  each  floor  and  extended  through  the  roof. 

Water-Closets,  Etc. 

SECT.  120.  Every  water-closet  or  line  of  water-closets  shall  be  sup- 
plied with  water  from  a  tank  or  cistern,  and  shall  have  a  flushing  pipe 
of  not  less  than  one  and  one  quarter  inches  in  diameter.  Privy  vaults 
shall  be  of  brick  and  cement  of  a  capacity  of  not  less  than  fifty  cubic 
feet,  of  easy  access,  convenient  to  open,  and  clean,  and  water  tight.  The 
inside  shall  be  not  less  than  two  feet  from  the  next  lot  and  from  any 
public  or  private  way. 


Acts  of  1907,  Chapter  550.  53 

SECT.  121.  The  diameters  of  soil. and  waste  pipes  shall  be  not  less 
than  those  given  in  the  following  table :  — 

Inches. 

Soil  pipes, 4 

Main  waste  pipes, 2 

Main  waste  pipes  for  kitchen  sinks  on  five  or  more  floors,     ...   3 

Branch  waste  pipes  for  laundry  tubs, 1£ 

Branch  waste  for  kitchen  sinks, ;    .    \\ 

Branch  waste  for  urinals, l| 

No  branch  waste  for  other  fixtures  shall  be  less  than,   ....    1^ 

Except  that,  with  the  approval  of  the  commissioner,  a  three  inch  soil 
pipe  may  be  used  for  one  water-closet  where  it  is  not  practicable  to  use  a 
four  inch  pipe. 

Ferrules,  Clean-outs,  Etc. 

Brass  ferrules  shall  be  of  the  best  quality,  bell-shaped,  extra  heavy 
cast  brass,  not  less  than  four  inches  long  and  two  and  one  quarter  inches, 
three  and  one  half  inches,  and  four  and  one  half  inches  in  diameter,  and 
of  not  less  than  the  following  weights :  — 

Diameters.  Weights. 

2£  inches, 1  pound  0  ounces. 

3^      "  1        "12       " 

4*      "  2       "8       " 

One  and  one  half  inch  ferrules  shall  not  be  used. 
Soldering  nipples  shall  be  of  heavy  cast  brass  or  of  brass  pipe,  iron 
pipe  size.     If  cast,  they  shall  be  of  not  less  than  the  following  weights: 

H  inches, 0  pounds    8  ounces. 

2  "         0        "       14       " 

2£      "         1        "        6       " 

3  "         2        "        0       " 

4  "         3        "        8       " 

Where  clean-outs  are  used,  the  screw  cap  shall  be  of  brass,  extra  heavy, 
and  not  less  than  one  eighth  of  an  inch  thick.  The  engaging  parts  shall 
have  not  less  than  six  threads  of  iron  pipe  size,  and  shall  be  tapered. 
Clean-outs  shall  be  full  size  of  trap  up  to  four  inches  in  diameter,  and 
not  less  than  four  inches  for  larger  traps. 

The  screw  cap  shall  have  a  solid  square  or  hexagonal  nut,  not  less  than 
one  half  inch  high,  with  a  least  diameter  of  one  and  one  half  inches. 
The  bodies  of  brass  clean-out  ferrules  shall  be  at  least  equal  in  weight 
and  thickness  to  the  calking  ferrule  for  the  same  size  of  pipe. 

The  use  of  lead  pipes  is  restricted  to  short  branches  of  the  soil  and 
waste  pipes,  bends  and  traps,  and  roof  connections  of  inside  leaders. 
"  Short  branches  "  of  lead  pipe  shall  mean  not  more  than  :  — 

5  feet  of  1£  inch  pipe. 
5     "     "  H     "       " 

4     "     "2       "       " 

()          1C         II    O  II  K 

2     u     «  4       "       « 


54 


Acts  of  1907,  Chapter  550. 


The  pipe  shall  be  not  less  than,  the  following  average  thickness  and 
weight  per  linear  foot :  — 


Diameters. 

Thicknesses. 

Weights  per 
Linear  Foot. 

Diameters. 

Thicknesses. 

Weights  per 
Linear  Foot. 

1£  inches, 



2.50  pounds. 

5  inches, 

.25  inches, 

14.50  pounds. 

H 

.14  inches, 

2.68 

6 

.28 

18.76 

2- 

.15 

3.61 

7 

.30 

23.27 

2* 

.20 

5.74 

8 

.32 

28.18 

3 

.21 

7.54 

9 

.34 

33.70 

3* 

.22 

9.00 

10 

.36 

40.06 

4 

.23 

10.66 

11 

.37 

45.02 

4* 

.24 

12.34 

12 

.37 

48.98 

Brass  pipe  for  soil,  waste,  vent  and  back  air  pipes  shall  be  thoroughly 
annealed,  seamless,  drawn  brass  tubing,  of  not  less  than  number  thirteen 
Stubbs  gauge. 

No  slip  joint  or  unions  shall  be  used  on  traps,  waste,  vents  or  back 
air  pipes.  Threaded  connections  on  brass  traps  shall  be  of  the  same  size 
as  pipe  threads  for  the  same  size  of  pipe,  and  shall  be  tapered.  Connec- 
tions between  lead  and  iron  shall  be  made  by  brass  sleeves  or  screw 
nipples  wiped  to  the  lead  and  calked  or  screwed  into  the  iron. 

The  following  average  thicknesses  and  weights  per  linear  foot  shall 
be  used :  — 


Diameters. 

Thicknesses. 

Weights  per 
Linear  Foot. 

Diameters. 

Thicknesses. 

Weights  per 
Linear  Foot. 

1£  inches, 

.14  inches, 

2.84  pounds. 

4    inches, 

.23  inches, 

11.29  pounds. 

2 

.15     " 

3.82 

4*      " 

.24     " 

13.08       " 

2|      " 

.20     " 

6.08 

5 

.25     " 

15.37       " 

3 

.21      " 

7.92 

6 

.28     " 

19.88      " 

3i      " 

.22     " 

9.54 

Cast  Iron  Pipes,  Etc. 

Cast  iron  pipes  shall  be  uncoated,  sound,  cylindrical  and  smooth,  free 
from  cracks  and  other  defects,  of  uniform  thickness  and  of  the  grade 
known  to  commerce  as  "  extra  heavy."  If  buried  under  ground  they 
shall  be  coated  with  asphaltum  or  red  lead. 

Pipe,  including  the  hub,  shall  weigh  not  less  than  the  following  average 
weights  per  linear  foot :  — 


Diameters. 

Weights 
per  Linear  Foot. 

Diameters. 

Weights 
per  Linear  Foot. 

2  inches,   .    .    . 
3      "         ... 

5£  pounds. 

9£       " 

7  inches  (not  stock  size),    .    . 
8       "     

27    pounds. 
33i       " 

4      "        "... 
5      " 

13 

17         " 

10       "     

12       " 

45 
54         " 

6      "         ... 

20 

Acts  of  1907,  Chapter  550. 


All  joints  shall  be  made  with  picked  oakum  and  molten  lead  run  full, 
and  be  made  gas  tight.  No  cement  joints  nor  connections  between  iron 
and  cement  or  tile  pipe  or  brick  drains  shall  be  made  within  any  building. 

Wrought  Iron  Pipe. 

Galvanized  wrought  iron  pipe  shall  be  of  not  less  than  the  following 
thickness  and  weight  per  linear  foot :  — 


Diameters. 

Thicknesses. 

Weights  per 
Linear  Foot. 

Diameters. 

Thicknesses. 

Weights  per 
Linear  Foot. 

1£  inches, 

.14  inches, 

2.68  pounds. 

6  inches, 

.28  inches, 

18.76  pounds. 

2 

.15 

3.61 

7 

.30 

23.27 

2* 

.20 

5.74 

8 

.32 

28.18 

3 

.21 

7.54 

9 

.34 

33.70 

3^ 

.22 

9.00 

10 

.36 

40.06 

4 

.23 

10.66 

11 

.37 

45.02 

4* 

.24 

12.34 

12 

.37 

48.98 

o 

.25 

I 

14.50 

The  threaded  part  of  the  pipe  if  less  than  one  and  one  half  inches  long, 
shall  be  of  the  thickness  and  weight  known  as  "  extra  heavy  "  or  "  extra 
strong." 

Fittings  on  wrought  iron  vent  or  back  air  pipes  shall  be  galvanized, 
recessed,  cast  iron  threaded  fittings.  Fittings  for  "  Plumber's  tubing  " 
shall  be  heavy  weight,  with  sharp  threads. 

Fittings  for  waste  or  soil  or  refrigerator  waste  pipes  of  wrought  iron  or 
brass  pipe  shall  be  galvanized,  cast  iron,  or  brass,  recessed  and  threaded 
drainage  fittings,  with  smooth  interior  waterway  and  threads  tapped,  so 
as  to  give  a  uniform  grade  to  branches  of  not  less  than  one  quarter  of 
an  inch  per  foot. 

All  joints  on  wrought  iron  or  brass  pipe  shall  be  screwed  joints  made 
up  with  red  lead,  and  any  burr  formed  in  cutting  shall  carefully  be 
reamed  out. 

Drain  Pipes,  Etc. 

SECT.  122.  Drain  and  connecting  ventilation  pipes,  vents  and 
back  air  pipes  shall  be  of  sufficient  size,  and  made  of  extra  heavy  cast 
iron  pipe  if  under  ground,  and  if  above  ground  shall  be  made  of  extra 
heavy  cast  iron,  galvanized  wrought  iron  of  standard  weight,  or  of  not 
less  than  number  thirteen  Stubbs  gauge  brass  pipe  within  the  building, 
except  that  lead  pipes  may  be  used  for  short  connections  exposed  to  view. 
Cast  iron  drains  shall  extend  not  less  than  ten  feet  from  the  inside  face 
of  the  wall,  beyond  and  away  from  the  building. 

Drain  pipes  above  ground  shall  be  secured  by  irons  to  walls,  suspended 
from  floor  timbers  by  strong  iron  hangers,  or  supported  on  brick  piers. 
Proper  man-holes  shall  be  supplied  to  reach  clean-outs  and  traps.  Every 
drain  pipe  shall  have  a  fall  of  not  less  than  one  quarter  inch  per  foot, 
and  shall  be  extended  from  a  point  ten  feet  outside  the  inside  face  of 
the  wall,  unobstructed,  to  and  through  the  roof,  undiminished  in  size, 
and  to  a  height  not  less  than  two  feet  above  the  roof,  and  not  less  than 


56  Acts  of  1907,  Chapter  550. 

one  foot  above  the  top  of  any  window  within  fifteen  feet,  and  not  less 
than  eight  feet  above  the  roof  if  the  roof  is  used  for  drying  clothes  or 
as  a  roof  garden.  The  drain  pipe  shall  be  supplied  with  a  Y  branch 
fitted  with  a  brass  clean-out  or  with  an  iron  stopper,  if  required,  on  the 
direct  run,  at  or  near  the  point  where  the  drain  leaves  the  building. 
Changes  in  direction  shall  be  made  with  curved  pipes,  and  all  connec- 
tions with  horizontal  or  vertical  pipes  shall  be  made  with  Y  branches. 
Saddle  hubs  shall  not  be  used.  All  drain  pipes  shall  be  exposed  to  sight 
within  the  building,  if  such  exposure  is  practicable,  and  shall  not  be 
exposed  to  pressure  where  they  pass  through  the  wall. 

Steam  Exhausts,  Etc. 

No  steam,  or  vapor,  or  water  of  a  temperature  over  one  hundred  and 
thirty  degrees  Fahrenheit  shall  be  discharged  from  any  premises  into 
any  sewer,  drain  or  catch-basin,  nor  shall  any  matter  or  thing  be  dis- 
charged into  any  sewer  which  may  tend  to  cause  an  obstruction  of  the 
public  sewer  or  a  nuisance  or  a  deposit  therein  or  any  injury  thereto. 

All  high  pressure  steam  boilers  shall  be  connected  with  a  blow-off  tank 
of  a  capacity  not  less  than  thirty  per  cent  of  the  largest  boiler  connected 
with  such  tank.  The  location  of  and  the  connections  to  said  blow-off 
tank  shall  be  subject  to  the  approval  of  the  superintendent  of  sewers. 

No  steam  exhaust  or  steam  drip,  unless  it  be  provided  with  a  cooling 
tank  of  a  capacity  approved  by  the  superintendent  of  sewers,  or  unless  it 
be  connected  with  the  blow-off  tank,  shall  connect  with  any  drain  leading 
to  the  sewer.  Every  blow-off  tank  shall  be  supplied  with  a  vapor  pipe 
not  less  than  two  inches  in  diameter,  which  shall  be  carried  above  the 
roof  and  above  the  highest  windows  of  the  building. 

The  superintendent  of  sewers  may  require  such  additional  means  for 
cooling  the  blow-off  tanks  by  the  injection  of  cold  water  or  otherwise  as 
may  be  necessary  to  reduce  the  temperature  of  the  water  passing  from 
the  blow-off  tank  so  that  it  shall  not  exceed  one  hundred  and  thirty 
degrees  Fahrenheit. 

Special  Traps,  Etc. 

SECT.  123.  Every  building  from  which,  in  the  opinion  of  the  super- 
intendent of  sewers,  grease  may  be  discharged  in  such  quantity  as  to 
clog  or  injure  the  sewer,  shall  have  a  special  grease  trap  satisfactory  to 
the  superintendent  of  sewers.  Every  building  in  which  gasoline,  naphtha 
or  other  inflammable  compounds  are  used  for  business  purposes  shall  be 
provided  with  a  special  trap,  satisfactory  to  the  superintendent  of  sewers, 
so  designed  as  to  prevent  the  passage  of  such  material  into  the  sewer, 
and  ventilated  with  a  separate  pipe  rising  to  a  point  four  feet  above  the 
roof.  All  non-siphon  traps  shall  be  of  a  type  approved  by  the  commis- 
sioner. The  waste  pipe  of  every  wash  stand  for  vehicles  shall  be  pro- 
vided with  a  sand  box  of  sufficient  capacity. 

The  waste  pipe  from  the  sink  of  every  hotel,  eating  house,  restaurant 
or  other  public  cooking  establishment,  shall  be  connected  to  a  grease  trap 
of  sufficient  size,  easily  accessible  to  open  and  clean,  placed  as  near  as 
practicable  to  the  fixture  that  it  serves. 


Acts  of  1907,  Chapter  550.  57 


Roof  Leaders  and  Surface  Drains. 

SECT  124.  Rain  water  leaders  when  connected  with  house  drains 
shall  be  suitably  trapped  and,  within  the  proposed  surface  drainage  area, 
shall  not  be  connected  at  the  top  of  the  stack,  nor  extended  down  through 
the  interior  of  the  building,  except  by  special  permit  from  the  commis- 
sioner. Wherever  a  surface  drain  is  installed  in  a  cellar  or  basement,  it 
shall  be  provided  with  a  deep  seal  trap  and  back  water  valve.  Drain 
pipes  from  fixtures  in  cellars  and  basements  liable  to  back  flow  from  a 
sewer  shall  be  supplied  with  back  water  valves. 

HAZARDOUS    BUILDINGS    AND    APPLIANCES    FOR    POWER    AND    HEAT. 

SECT.  125.  No  building  shall  be  used  for  a  grain  elevator,  or  for 
the  storage  or  manufacture  of  high  combustibles  or  explosives,  or  for 
chemical  or  rendering  works,  without  a  permit  from  the  commissioner, 
and  no  engine,  dynamo,  boiler  or  furnace  shall  be  placed  in  any  building 
without  a  permit  from  the  commissioner.  Every  application  for  such 
permit  shall  be  in  writing,  shall  be  filed  with  the  commissioner,  and  shall 
set  forth  the  character  of  the  building,  the  size,  power  and  purposes  of 
the  apparatus,  and  such  other  information  as  the  commissioner  may 
require.  The  commissioner  may,  after  an  examination  of  the  premises 
described  in  the  application,  and  after  hearing  the  applicant  and  any 
objectors,  issue  a  permit  for  placing  a  boiler  or  furnace  on  such  premises, 
upon  such  conditions  as  he  shall  prescribe,  or  he  may  refuse  such  permit. 
If  the  application  is  for  anything  other  than  a  boiler  or  furnace  the 
applicant  shall  publish  in  at  least  two  daily  newspapers  published  in  the 
city  of  Boston,  and  on  at  least  three  days  in  each,  and,  if  so  directed 
by  the  commissioner,  shall  also  post  conspicuously  on  the  premises,  a 
copy  of  the  application,  and  shall  deliver  copies  thereof  to  such  persons 
as  the  commissioner  may  designate. 

If  no  objection  is  filed  with  the  commissioner  before  the  expiration  of 
ten  days  after  the  time  of  the  first  publication  of  notice,  or  within  ten 
days  of  the  delivery  and  first  posting  of  the  notice,  if  such  delivery  or 
posting  is  required,  the  commissioner  shall,  if  the  arrangement,  location, 
and  construction  of  the  proposed  apparatus  is  proper,  and  in  accordance 
with  the  provisions  of  this  act,  issue  a  permit  for  the  same.  If  objection 
is  filed,  the  application  shall  be  referred  to  the  board  of  appeal,  which 
may,  in  its  discretion,  require  the  deposit  by  the  objector  of  a  reasonable 
sum  as  security  for  the  payment  of  the  costs. 

After  such  notice  as  the  board  shall  order  it  shall  hear  the  same,  and 
shall  direct  the  commissioner  to  issue  a  permit,  under  such  conditions 
as  it  may  prescribe,  or  to  withhold  the  same.  If  the  permit  is  refused, 
the  applicant,  and  if  it  is  granted,  the  objectors  shall  pay  such  costs  as 
the  board  may  order. 

The  commissioner  may,  from  time  to  time,  after  public  notice  and 
hearing,  prescribe  conditions  on  which  any  or  all  boilers  or  furnaces  may 
be  maintained  in  buildings,  and,  if  any  person  interested  objects  to  such 
conditions  and  appeals  from  his  decision  establishing  the  same,  the 
appeal  shall  be  referred  to  the  board  of  appeal,  and  thereupon  said  board 
shall  prescribe  the  conditions. 


58  Acts  of  1907,  Chapter  550. 


COMBUSTIBLE    MATERIALS. 

SECT  126.  No  building  adapted  for  habitation,  nor  any  part 
thereof,  nor  the  lot  upon  which  it  is  located,  shall  be  used  as  a  place  for 
the  storage,  keeping  or  handling  of  any  combustible  article,  except  under 
such  conditions  as  may  be  prescribed  by  the  fire  commissioner.  No 
such  building  nor  any  part  thereof,  nor  of  the  lot  upon  which  it  is 
located,  shall  be  used  as  a  place  for  the  storage,  keeping  or  handling  of 
any  article  dangerous  or  detrimental  to  life  or  health,  nor  for  the  storage, 
keeping  or  handling  of  feed,  hay,  straw,  excelsior,  cotton,  paper  stock, 
feathers  or  rags. 

ENFORCEMENT    OF   ACT. 

SECT.  127.  Every  structure  and  part  thereof  and  appurtenant 
thereto  shall  be  maintained  in  such  repair  as  not  to  be  dangerous.  The 
owner  shall  be  responsible  for  the  maintenance  of  all  buildings  and 
structures.  The  lessee  under  a  recorded  lease  shall  be  deemed  the  owner 
under  the  provisions  of  this  act. 

POWERS    OF    THE    BOARD    OF    HEALTH. 

SECT.  128.  The  board  of  health  may  by  vote  limit  the  number  of 
occupants  who  shall  be  permitted  to  dwell  in  any  building  or  in  any  part 
or  parts  thereof.  They  shall  cause  a  copy  of  any  such  vote  to  be  served 
upon  the  owner  of  the  building,  his  agent  or  other  persons  having  the 
charge  thereof.  If  the  owner,  agent,  or  other  persons  having  charge  of 
said  building  allow  or  permit  more  people  than  are  permitted  by  said 
vote  to  occupy  the  building  or  any  part  or  parts  thereof,  said  board  may 
order  the  premises  to  be  vacated,  and  they  shall  not  again  be  occupied 
without  the  permission  of  the  board.  The  board  may  make  such  further 
regulations  as  to  overcrowding,  ventilation,  the  construction  of  water- 
closets,  the  lighting  of  hallways,  and  the  occupation  of  buildings  or  parts 
thereof,  not  inconsistent  with  other  laws,  as  they  may  deem  proper. 
Said  board  may  permit  rooms  in  private  stables  to  be  occupied  for  sleep- 
ing purposes  by  grooms  and  coachmen. 

ENFORCEMENT  —  JURISDICTION   IN    EQUITY. 

SECT.  129.  Any  court  having  jurisdiction  in  equity  or  any  justice 
thereof  shall,  upon  the  application  of  the  city  by  its  attorney,  have  juris- 
diction in  equity :  - 

To  restrain  the  construction,  alteration,  repair,  maintenance,  use  or 
occupation  of  a  building,  structure  or  other  thing  constructed  or  used  in 
violation  of  the  provisions  of  this  act,  and  to  order  its  removal  or  abate- 
ment as  a  nuisance; 

To  restrain  the  further  construction,  alteration,  repair,  maintenance, 
use  or  occupation  of  a  building,  structure  or  other  thing,  which  is  unsafe 
or  dangerous; 

To  restrain  the  unlawful  construction,  alteration,  repair,  maintenance, 
use  or  occupation  of  any  building,  structure  or  other  thing; 

To  compel  compliance  with  the  provisions  of  this  act; 

To  order  the  removal  by  the  owner  of  a  building,  structure  or  other 


Acts  of  1907,  Chapter  550. 


01  I. 


ASSOCI 


thing  unlawfully  existing,  and  to  authorize  the  commissioner,  with  the 
written  approval  of  the  mayor,  in  default  of  such  removal  by  the  owner, 
to  remove  it  at  the  owner's  expense. 

Any  person,  the  value  of  whose  property  may  be  affected  by  any 
decision  of  the  board  of  appeal,  may  have  the  action  of  said  board  re- 
viewed by  the  court  by  any  appropriate  process,  provided  that  proceed- 
ings are  instituted  within  thirty  days  after  the  date  of  such  decision. 

The  person  applying  for  the  review  shall  file  a  bond  with  sufficient 
surety,  to  be  approved  by  the  court,  for  such  sum  as  shall  be  fixed  by  the 
court,  to  indemnify  and  save  harmless  the  person  or  persons  in  whose 
favor  the  decision  was  rendered  from  all  damages  and  costs  which  they 
may  sustain  in  case  the  decision  of  said  board  is  affirmed. 

In  case  the  decision  of  the  board  is  affirmed  the  court,  on  motion,  shall 
assess  damages,  and  execution  shall  issue  therefor. 

Any  person  having  any  duty  to  perform  under  the  provisions  of  this 
act  may,  so  far  as  may  be  necessary  for  the  performance  of  his  duties, 
enter  any  building  or  premises  in  the  city  of  Boston. 

JURISDICTION   AT    LAW. 

SECT.  130.  The  municipal  court  of  the  city  of  Boston,  concurrently 
with  the  superior  court,  shall  have  jurisdiction  throughout  the  city  of 
prosecutions  and  proceedings  at  law  under  the  provisions  of  this  act,  and 
also  of  all  provisions  of  law  relative  to  plumbing  and  gas-fitting. 

PROCEDURE. 

SECT.  131.  Upon  the  entry  of  any  case  brought  under  the  provi- 
sions of  this  act  the  court  shall,  at  the  request  of  either  party,  advance 
the  case,  so  that  it  may  be  heard  and  determined  with  as  little  delay 
as  possible. 

NUISANCE. 

SECT.  132.  A  building  or  structure  which  is  erected  or  maintained 
in  violation  of  the  provisions  of  this  act  shall  be  deemed  a  common 
nuisance  without  other  proof  thereof  than  proof  of  its  unlawful  con- 
struction, and  the  commissioner  may  abate  and  remove  it  in  the  same 
manner  in  which  boards  of  health  may  remove  nuisances  under  the  pro- 
visions of  sections  sixty-seven,  sixty-eight  and  sixty-nine  of  chapter 
seventy -five  of  the  Revised  Laws. 

Whoever  violates  any  provision  of  this  act,  or  whoever  builds,  alters,  or 
maintains  any  structure  or  any  part  thereof  in  violation  of  any  provision 
of  this  act,  shall  be  punished  by  a  fine  not  exceeding  five  hundred  dollars. 

REPEALS. 

SECT.  133.  So  much  of  chapter  four  hundred  and  nineteen  of  the 
acts  of  the  year  eighteen  hundred  and  ninety-two  and  of  all  acts  in 
amendment  thereof  as  is  unrepealed  is  hereby  repealed.  So  much  of 
any  other  act  as  is  inconsistent  herewith  is  hereby  repealed. 

SECT.  134.  This  act  shall  take  effect  upon  the  first  day  of  August 
in  the  year  nineteen  hundred  and  seven.  [Approved  June  22,  1907.] 


ORGANIZATION 

OF  THE 

BUILDING  DEPARTMENT. 


BUILDING  COMMISSIONER. 

JOHN  A.  ROONEY. 

CLERK  OF  DEPARTMENT. 

CHARLES  S.  DAMRELL. 

SUPERVISOR  OF  PLANS. 

MICHAEL  W.  FITZSIMMONS. 

CONSTRUCTION  DIVISION. 

EDMUND  J.  TURNER Supervisor. 

JOHN  H.  MAHONEY Supervisor. 

EDWIN  D.  KELLY (Concrete)  Supervisor. 

JOHN  CURRIE Inspector. 

JOHN  J.  DUNIGAN ' Inspector. 

THOMAS  H.  GRINNELL Inspector. 

WILLIAM  T.  HATHAWAY , Inspector. 

THOMAS  M.  HINCHEY Inspector. 

ALPHONSUS  C.  HICKEY  . Inspector. 

THOMAS  F.  KEARNEY Inspector. 

WILLIAM  F.  MURPHY „ Inspector. 

CORNELIUS  J.  MURPHY     . Inspector. 

ABRAHAM  T.  ROGERS • Inspector. 

CORNELIUS  J.  REGAN Inspector. 

EGRESS  DIVISION. 
LEVI  W.  SHAW Supervisor. 

PLUMBING  DIVISION. 
DENNIS  H.  COLLINS Supervisor. 

GASFITTING  DIVISION. 

DAVID  A.  FINNEGAN  .    .    .    ....    ... Supervisor. 

ELEVATOR  DIVISION. 
PATRICK  H.  COSTELLO Supervisor. 


BOARD  OF  APPEAL 

UNDER  THE  BUILDING  LAW. 
Sec  Sects.  6,  7,  8. 


CIYIL  ENGINEERS 
U.  of  C. 

ASSOCIATION  LIBRA! 


GEORGE  R.  SWASEY,  Chairman. 

WILLIAM  D.  AUSTIN,  Secretary,  50  Bromfield  St. 

NEIL  McNEIL.  EDWARD  H.   ELDRIDGE. 


DENNIS  J.  SULLIVAN. 


INDEX. 


References  in  this  Index  are  to  Pages  and  Sections  of  the  Existing  Law. 

A. 

Page.  Section. 

ACCESS  TO  ROOFS. 

permanent  means  of,  required 8  12 

ACCIDENTS,  ELEVATOR. 

to  be  reported  to  Building  Commissioner 27  38 

"  AIR  PIPES  "  —  PLUMBING. 

definition  of 49  112 

requirements  of 51  117, 118 

AISLES,  PUBLIC  BUILDING. 

must  conform  to  requirements  for  theatres 47  107 

AISLES,  THEATRE. 

regulations  for 43  88 

ALTERATIONS. 

prohibitions  relating  to 9  13 

ALTERATIONS  AND  REPAIRS. 

permits  required  for 9  13 

ALTERATION  OF  EXISTING  BUILDINGS. 

general  regulations  for 24  35 

ANCHORS. 

provision  for 20  24 

"  APARTMENT." 

in  tenement  houses  defined 30  42 

APPEAL,  BOARD  OF.     (See  BOARD  OF  APPEAL.) 

appointment;  terms;  vacancies;  qualifications;    decisions;    re- 
ports, etc 5       6,  7,  8 

APPEALS  FROM  BOARD  OF  APPEALS 58     129 

APPLIANCES  FOR  POWER  AND  HEAT. 

hazardous  buildings;  regulations  for 57  125 

AREAS. 

buildings,  restriction  of 17  17 

ART  GALLERIES. 

may  be  placed  above  theatres 47  108 

ASHES  AND  GARBAGE. 

tenement  house,  receptacles  for 41  75 

ASSEMBLY,  PLACES  OF  PUBLIC. 

capacity;  must  be  fireproof;  general  requirements 47  105 

ASSEMBLY-ROOMS. 

capacity,  dimensions,  etc 47  105 

63 


64  Index. 

Page.  Section. 

ASSISTANTS,  BUILDING  DEPARTMENT. 

appointed  by  commissioner 3  1 

AUDITORIUMS,  THEATRE. 

heating  apparatus  under 46  104 

seating  regulations  for 43  87 

B. 

BAKERIES  AND  FAT  BOILING. 

prohibited  in  tenement  houses;  exceptions 33  53 

BALCONIES. 

tenement  house,  requirements  of 30  42 

"  BASEMENT." 

definition  of 7  11 

BASEMENTS. 

tenement  house,  requirements  for 38  68 

BEAMS. 

proportions  of 13  14 

BEAMS  AND  GIRDERS. 

computations  relating  to 15  16 

BOARD  OF  APPEAL. 

appointed  by  Mayor,  on  nominations 5  6 

appeals  from  to  be  heard  in  equity  courts 58  129 

decisions  of,  to  be  in  writing 5  6 

to  specify  variations  allowed 5  6 

applicants  to  have  copy  of 5  7 

summary  of,  in  annual  report 6  8 

hearings  on  appealed  cases 5  7 

may  vary  provisions  of  this  Act 5  7 

members  of,  how  appointed 5  6 

terms  of 5  6 

compensation  of 5  6 

not  to  act  when  interested 5  6 

to  be  Boston  men 5  6 

reports,  annual,  to  mayor 6  8 

to  contain  summary  of  decisions 6  8 

to  be  printed  separately 6  8 

vacancies  in,  how  filled 5  6 

who  may  appeal  to 5  7 

BOARD  OF  EXAMINERS  OF  GAS  FITTERS. 

not  affected  by  this  Act 6  10 

BOARD  OF  HEALTH. 

may  limit  number  of  occupants  in  any  building 58  128 

not  affected  by  this  Act .,  6  10 

powers  of,  defined 58  128 

BOARD  OF  PARK  COMMISSIONERS. 

not  affected  by  this  Act .' .  6  10 

BOARD  OF  STREET  COMMISSIONERS. 

not  affected  by  this  Act 6  10 

BOARDS,  CITY,  CERTAIN. 

authority  of,  not  curtailed  by  this  Act 6  10 


Index.  65 

Page.  Section. 
BOILERS  AND  FURNACES. 

hazardous  buildings,  public  hearings  on 57  125 

not  to  be  placed  on  wooden  floors 9  13 

or  under  public  ways 9  13 

BONDING  BRICKWORK. 

provision  for 20  25 

BOOTHS,  VOTING. 

not  affected  by  this  Act 6  10 

BRICKWORK,  BONDING. 

provision  for 20  25 

BRICKWORK  IN  COMPRESSION. 

stresses  of 12  14 

BRIDGES,  QUAYS,  ETC. 

not  affected  by  this  Act 6  10 

BUILDING  COMMISSIONER. 

appointment  of 3  1 

authority  and  powers  of 3     1,  4,    5 

has  power  to  reject  materials 14  15 

may  appoint  deputy;  powers  of 3  1 

enforce  requirements 7  12 

enter  any  building  or  premises 59  129 

require  duplicate  plans  to  be  kept  at  building 4  1 

plans  and  specifications 4  1 

stop  work  for  violation  of  permits 4  1 

order  unsafe  buildings  vacated 4  4 

take  measures  for  public  safety 7  12 

not  to  dispense  with  tenement-house  restrictions. 41  76 

qualifications  required  of 3  1 

salary  of,  fixed  by  City  Council •. 3  1 

term  of  office 3  1 

to  approve  plumbing  of  chemical  laboratories 52  117 

elevators 27  38 

stable  drainage 52  117 

enforce  requirements  for  all  buildings 7  12 

examine  all  buildings  in  course  of  construction 4  2 

buildings  dangerous,  damaged  or  unsafe 4      3,  4, 5 

keep  records  of  violations 4  2 

have  charge  of  Building  Department 3  1 

post  notice  of  unsafe  elevators 27  38 

prescribe  conditions  for  buildings  outside  limits 17  17 

submit  annual  report  to  mayor 3  1 

BUILDING  CONSTRUCTION.     (See  separate  subjects.) 

equivalents  in  methods  of,  may  be  allowed 6  8 

height,  excavations,  cellars,  walls,  etc.,  regulations  for 18  18 

BUILDING  DEPARTMENT. 

commissioner  to  be  in  charge  of 3  1 

how  appointed 3  1 

term  of  office 3  1 

qualifications  required 3  1 

salary  of,  fixed  by  City  Council 3  1 

may  appoint  inspectors,  employees  and  assistants 3  1 


66 


Index. 


Page.  Section. 

BUILDING  DEPARTMENT,  continued. 

clerk  to  keep  records  open  to  public 3  1 

employees  to  retain  positions  until  removal  or  discharge 3  1 

inspectors,  qualifications  required  of 3  1 

officers,  commissioner,  salary,  term,  etc 3  1 

may  enter  buildings  and  premises 10  14 

not  to  engage  in  other  business 3  1 

furnish  material 3  1 

be  financially  interested 3  1 

present  to  hold  office  until  removed  or  discharge 3  1 

requirements  and  restrictions  of 3  1 

records  to  be  open  to  public  inspection 3  1 

under  charge  of  commissioner 3  1 

BUILDING  INSPECTION. 

commissioner,  or  inspectors,  to  examine  all  buildings  in  course 

of  construction 4  2 

BUILDING  LAW,  1907. 

approved  June  22 59  134 

in  effect,  August  1 59  134 

exceptions  and  exemptions  from  provisions  of 6  10 

equity  courts  given  power  to  enforce 58  129 

law  courts  given  jurisdiction  in  law  cases 59  130 

not  to  deprive  certain  city  boards  and  officers  of  power 6  10 

officials  may  enter  buildings  and  premises 59  129 

violators  of  may  be  fined  $500 59  132 

BUILDING  LIMITS. 

present  to  continue  until  changed 6  9 

City  council  may  change,  extend  and  define 6  9 

BUILDING  MATERIALS.     (See  separate  subjects.) 

combustible,  not  to  be  housed  in  habitable  buildings 58  126 

commissioner  has  power  to  reject 14  15 

method  of  computing  strength  of 15  16 

quality  of  mortar,  cement  and  concrete 14  15 

strength  of;  tables  of  stresses 10  14 

stresses,  tables  of 10  14 

BUILDING  PERMITS.     (See,  also,  PERMITS.) 

applications  for 4  1 

how  and  by  whom  granted 4  1 

if  terms  of,  are  violated  commissioner  may  stop  work 4  1 

must  be  on  approved  printed  forms 4  1 

requirements  for 4  1 

BUILDING  PROHIBITIONS. 

list  of  general 9  13 

"  BUILDING,  STORY  OF." 

definition  of 7  11 

BUILDINGS. 

classes  of,  defined 7  11 

height  of,  defined 7  11 

regulations  for 18  18 

inspection  during  construction 4  2 

outside  finish  of. .  8  12 


Index.  67 

Page.  Section. 
BUILDINGS,  continued. 

prohibitions  relating  to  alterations 9  13 

moving , 9  13 

repairs 9  13 

requirements  for  all 7  12 

commissioner  may  enforce 7  12 

restriction  of  areas 17  17 

record  of  violations  to  be  kept 4  2 

BUILDINGS,  ALTERATION  OF  EXISTING. 

general  regulations  for 24  35 

BUILDINGS,  CLASSIFICATION  OF. 

first  and  second  classes 16  17 

regulations  for  constructing 16  17 

BUILDINGS,  COMPOSITE. 

definition  of 7  11 

BUILDINGS,  DANGEROUS  OR  DAMAGED. 

commissioner  to  examine  and  make  record 4  3,  4 

BUILDINGS,  EXPOSURES. 

regulations  for 24  35 

BUILDINGS,  FEDERAL. 

not  affected  by  this  Act 6  10 

BUILDINGS,  FIRST-CLASS. 

definition  of 7  11 

BUILDINGS,  HAZARDOUS.  (See  HAZARDOUS  BUILDINGS.) 

appliances  for  heat  and  power  in 57  125 

must  have  permits 57  125 

hearings  on 57  125 

BUILDINGS,  OCCUPANTS  OF. 

board  of  health  may  limit  number  of 58  128 

BUILDINGS  OUTSIDE  LIMITS. 

commissioner  to  prescribe  conditions  for 17  17 

BUILDINGS,  PUBLIC.  (See  PUBLIC  BUILDINGS.) 

must  conform  to  regulations  for  theatres 47  107 

BUILDINGS,  SECOND-CLASS. 

definition  of 7  11 

BUILDINGS,  STATE. 

not  affected  by  this  Act 6  10 

BUILDINGS,  THIRD-CLASS. 

definition  of 7  11 

BUILDINGS  UNLAWFULLY  CONSTRUCTED. 

deemed  nuisances 59  132 

abatement  and  removal  of 59  132 

BUILDINGS,  WOODEN. 

general  regulations  for  construction  of 28  39 

height  of 28  40 

not  to  be  moved  within  building  limits 9  13 

proximity  to  other  buildings 28  40 

BUILDINGS  AND  STRUCTURES. 

owner  responsible  for  maintenance  of 58  127 

responsibility  of  lessees 58  127 


68  Index. 

Page.  Section. 

BULKHEADS  AND  SCUTTLES. 

tenement  house,  requirements  for 30  44 

c. 

CEILINGS,  CELLAR. 

tenement-house,  construction  of 32  49 

"  CELLAR." 

definition  of 7  11 

CELLARS. 

general  regulations  for 18  18 

requirements  for 19  22 

ceilings,  tenement-house,  construction  of 32  49 

CEMENT. 

required  qualifications  for 14  15 

CHEMICAL  LABORATORIES. 

plumbing  of,  to  be  approved  by  commissioner 52  117 

CHIMNEYS. 

floor  timber  not  to  be  within  two  inches  of 9  13 

restrictions  relating  to 9  13 

thickness  of  walls 8  12 

CHIMNEY  FLUES. 

height  of 8  12 

lining  required 8  12 

CITY  COUNCIL. 

to  fix  salary  of  building  commissioner 3  1 

CITY  OFFICERS,  CERTAIN. 

authority  of,  not  curtailed  by  this  Act 6  10 

CLASSES  OF  BUILDINGS. 

definitions  of 7  11 

CLEAN-OUTS,  FERRULES,  ETC. 

required  diameter  and  weight  of 53  121 

CLERK,  BUILDING  DEPARTMENT. 

duties  of,  defined 3  1 

CLOSETS. 

under  staircases,  restrictions 9  13 

COLUMNS. 

computations  relating  to 15  16 

cast  iron,  restrictions 12  14 

COMBUSTIBLE  MATERIALS. 

not  to  be  housed  in  habitable  buildings 58  126 

COMMISSIONER,  BUILDING.  (See  BUILDING  COMMISSIONER.) 

appointment,  qualifications,  term,  salary,  etc 3  1 

COMMISSIONER,  FIRE. 

not  affected  by  this  Act 6  10 

COMMISSIONER  OF  WIRES. 

not  affected  by  this  Act 6  10 

provisions  of  sect.  7  apply  to 5  7 

COMPOSITE  BUILDINGS. 

definition  of 7  11 

COMPUTATIONS,  BUILDING  MATERIALS. 

methods  of 15  16 


Index.  69 

Page.  Section. 

CONCRETE. 

regulations  for  use  of 12  14 

required  qualifications  of 14  15 

stresses  of 13  14 

CONCRETE,  REINFORCED. 

required  qualifications  of 15  15 

CONSTRUCTION,  BUILDING.     (See  separate  subjects.) 

height,  excavation,  cellars,  walls,  etc.,  regulations  for. . 18  18 

first  and  second  class  buildings 16  17 

equivalents  may  be  allowed  by  appeal  board  and  commissioner . .  6  8 

CORBELS,  CHIMNEY. 

restrictions  relating  to 9  13 

"  CORNER  LOT." 

definition  of 29  42 

CORRECTION,  HOUSE  OF. 

not  affected  by  this  Act 6  10 

COTTON,  PAPER  STOCK,  ETC. 

not  to  be  housed  in  habitable  buildings 58  126 

COURT  HOUSE,  SUFFOLK  COUNTY. 

not  affected  by  this  Act 6  10 

COURT,  MUNICIPAL. 

given  jurisdiction  in  law  proceedings 59  130 

COURTS,  AREA. 

theatres  must  have  open 41       79,  80 

COURTS,  EQUITY. 

given  jurisdiction  to  enforce  provisions  of  this  Act 58  129 

"  COURTS,"  TENEMENT-HOUSE. 

definition  of 29  42 

general  regulations  for 35  57 

inner,  provision  for 35  59 

outer,  provision  for 35  58 

vent,  regulations  for 36  60 

CURTAINS. 

theatres  must  have  fireproof. 42  84 

CUTTING  FOR  PIPING. 

restrictions  concerning 13  14 


D. 

DAMAGED  BUILDINGS. 

commissioner  to  examine,  and  make  record 4          3,  4 

DANGEROUS  BUILDINGS. 

commissioner  to  examine,  and  make  record 4  3,  4 

DECISIONS,  BOARD  OF  APPEAL. 

applicants  to  have  copy 5  7 

must  be  in  writing 5  7 

specify  variations,  etc 5  7 

DEFINITIONS. 

building  law  terms 7  11 

certain  words  relating  to  tenement-houses 29  42 


70  Index. 

Page.  Section. 

DEPUTY  BUILDING  COMMISSIONER. 

appointment  of 3  1 

powers  of 3  1 

DOORS. 

stage,  in  theatres,  provision  for 44  91 

"  DRAIN." 

plumbing,  definition  of 49  112 

DRAINS,  SURFACE. 

must  have  seal  trap  and  back-water  valve 57  124 

DRAINAGE  OF  COURTS  AND  YARDS. 

tenement-house,  to  Satisfaction  of  board  of  health 41  74 

DRAINAGE,  STABLE. 

commissioner  to  approve  fixtures  for 52  117 

DRAINAGE  FITTINGS. 

certain,  must  be  galvanized,  etc 51  121 

E. 

EGRESS. 

means  of,  in  case  of  fire 8  12 

from  tenement-houses,  provision  for 30  43 

stores  and  storage  buildings 17  17 

ELEVATORS. 

accidents  to  be  reported 27  38 

inspectors  may  be  appointed 28  38 

manufacturers  required  to  test 27  38 

permits  for,  how  obtained 27  38 

to  be  approved  by  commissioner 27  38 

unsafe,  commissioner  to  post  notice 27  38 

who  may  operate  them 27  38 

ELEVATORS  AND  HOISTS. 

general  regulations  for 26  38 

fireproof  enclosures  for 26  38 

exceptions 26  38 

ELEVATOR  SHAFTS. 

tenement-house,  regulations  for 32  52 

EMPLOYEES,  BUILDING  DEPARTMENT. 

to  be  appointed  by  commissioner 3  1 

to  retain  positions  until  removal  or  discharge 3  1 

ENCLOSURES. 

fireproof  for  elevators  and  hoists 26  38 

ENFORCEMENT  OF  BUILDING  LAW. 

Equity  and  law  courts  given  jurisdiction 58  129, 130 

ENTRANCE  HALLS. 

tenement-house,  construction  of 32  48 

EQUITY  COURTS. 

given  jurisdiction  under  this  act 58  129 

EQUIVALENTS. 

in  methods  of  construction  and  maintenance  may  be  allowed ....  6  8 

EXAMINERS  OF  GAS  FITTERS. 

not  affected  by  this  Act 6  10 


Index.  71 

Page.  Section. 

EXCAVATIONS. 

general  regulations  for. 18  18,  19 

EXCELSIOR,  COTTON,  ETC. 

not  to  be  housed  in  habitable  buildings 58  126 

EXEMPTIONS. 

from  provisions  of  this  Act 6  10 

EXHAUSTS,  STEAM. 

regulations  pertaining  to 56  122 

EXISTING  THEATRES. 

general  regulations  for 48  111 

EXITS,  PUBLIC  BUILDINGS. 

must  conform  to  regulations  for  theatres 47  107 

EXITS,  ROOF  GARDEN. 

requirements  for 48  109 

EXITS,  THEATRE. 

general  regulations  for 44  91-99 

EXPOSURES. 

required  for  buildings 24  35 

F. 

FAT-BOILING. 

prohibited  in  tenement-houses 33  53 

exceptions 33  53 

FEATHERS,  RAGS,  ETC. 

not  to  be  housed  in  habitable  buildings 58  126 

FEDERAL  BUILDINGS. 

not  affected  by  this  Act 6  10 

FEED,  HAY,  STRAW,  ETC. 

not  to  be  housed  in  habitable  buildings 58  126 

FERRULES,  CLEAN-OUTS,  ETC. 

required  diameter  and  weight  of 53  121 

FIRE. 

means  of  egress  in  case  of 8  12 

FIRE-ESCAPES. 

interior  and  exterior  in  tenement-houses 30  43 

stores  and  storage  buildings 17  17 

in  what  they  shall  consist 30  43 

tenement-house,  general  regulations  for 30  43 

exterior  and  interior 30  43 

FIRE  COMMISSIONER. 

not  affected  by  this  Act 6  10 

FIRE  PROTECTION. 

general  requirements  for 22  32 

FIREPROOFING. 

regulations  for 22  32 

FIREPROOF  PARTITIONS. 

how  to  be  constructed .. 23  33 

FIRST-CLASS  BUILDINGS. 

definition  of . .  711 


72  Index. 

Page.  Section. 

FITTINGS,  DRAINAGE. 

must  be  galvanized,  etc 55  121 

"  FIXTURE." 

plumbing,  meaning  of  term 50  112 

FLOORING  DURING  CONSTRUCTION. 

regulations  for 29  41 

FLOORS. 

security  of,  required 8  12 

theatre,  required  levels  of 42  82 

stage,  requirements  for 42  85.  89 

FLOORS  OF  EXISTING  BUILDINGS. 

commissioner  to  prescribe  maximum  loads  for 26  36 

FLOORS,  LOADS. 

least  capacity  for 25  36 

FLOORS,  WOODEN. 

furnaces  and  boilers  not  to  be  placed  on 9  13 

FLOOR  TIMBER. 

not  to  be  within  two  inches  of  chimney 9  13 

FLUES,  CHIMNEY. 

height  of ' 8  12 

lining  required  for  certain 8  12 

FLUES,  VENTILATING. 

must  be  of  incombustible  material 8  12 

"FOUNDATION." 

definition  of 7  11 

regulations  for 18  18 

FOUNDATIONS,  FIRST  AND  SECOND  CLASS  BUILDINGS. 

general  regulations  of 19  21 

FURNACES  AND  BOILERS. 

hazardous  buildings,  public  hearings  on 57  125 

not  to  be  placed  on  wooden  floors 9  13 


G. 

GARBAGE  AND  ASHES. 

tenement-house,  receptacles  for 41  75 

GARDENS,  ROOF.  (See  ROOF  GARDENS.) 

above  theatres,  provisions  for 47  108 

GAS  PIPE  OUTLETS. 

theatre,  two  required 45  99 

inspection  of 45  99 

"  GAS  FITTING." 

definition  of 7  11 

municipal  court  given  jurisdiction  in  law  cases 59  130 

GAS  FITTERS,  BOARD  OF  EXAMINERS  OF. 

not  affected  by  this  Act 6  10 

GIRDERS  AND  BEAMS. 

computations  relating  to , 15  16 

GRANITE. 

stresses  of . .  12  14 


Index.  73 

H. 

Page.  Section. 
HABITABLE  BUILDINGS. 

combustible  materials  not  to  be  housed  in 58  126 

"  HALL,  PUBLIC." 

tenement-house,  defined 29  42 

requirements  for 31  45 

"  HALL,  STAIR." 

tenement-house,  denned 29  42 

requirements  for 31  45 

construction  of 31  46 

HALLS,  ENTRANCE. 

tenement-house,  construction  of 32  48 

HALLS,  PUBLIC. 

capacity  of 47  105 

general  requirements  for 47  105 

must  be  fireproof 47  105 

HANDRAILS. 

theatre  stairs,  requirements  for 46  102 

HAY,  STRAW,  ETC. 

not  to  be  housed  in  habitable  buildings 58  126 

HAZARDOUS  BUILDINGS. 

appliances  for  power  and  heat 57  125 

hearings  on  boilers  and  furnaces  for 57          125 

must  have  permits 57  125 

application,  hearings,  etc 57  125 

HEADERS,  WOODEN. 

requirements  for , 8  12 

HEALTH,  BOARD  OF. 

may  limit  number  of  occupants  in  any  building 58  128 

not  to  be  affected  by  this  Act 6  10 

powers  of,  defined 58  128 

HEARINGS,  PUBLIC. 

hazardous  buildings  and  appliances 57  125 

HEARTHS  AND  PIERS. 

regulations  for 21  30 

HEAT  AND  POWER. 

appliances  for,  in  hazardous  buildings - 57  125 

HEATING  APPARATUS. 

theatre,  under  auditoriums,  regulations  for 46  104 

"  HEIGHT  OF  BUILDINGS." 

definition  of 7  11 

regulations  for 18  18 

HOISTS  AND  ELEVATORS. 

fireproof  enclosures  for 26  38 

exceptions 26  38 

general  regulations  for 26  38 

HOUSE  OF  CORRECTION. 

not  affected  by  this  Act 6  10 

HOUSES,  TENEMENT.  (See  TENEMENT  HOUSES.) 

additional  requirements  for 29  42 


74 


Index. 


I. 


Page.  Section. 


INSPECTION,  BUILDING. 

commissioner,  or  inspectors,  to   examine  all  buildings  being 

constructed 4  2 

INSPECTION,  PLUMBING. 

work  must  be  approved 50  1 16 

INSPECTORS,  BUILDING. 

appointment  by  commissioner 3  1 

qualifications  required  of 3  1 

may  enter  any  building  or  premises 59  129 

INSPECTORS,  ELEVATOR. 

commissioner  may  appoint 28  38 

INTAKES. 

tenement-house,  provision  for 36  61 

IRON,  WROUGHT  AND  CAST. 

strength  of 11  14 

J. 

JAIL,  SUFFOLK  COUNTY. 

not  affected  by  this  Act 6  10 

JURISDICTION. 

given  courts  of  equity 58  129 

law 58  130 

L. 

LABORATORIES,  CHEMICAL. 

plumbing  of,  to  be  approved  by  commissioner 52  117 

LANDINGS,  STAIR. 

theatre,  required  dimensions  of 46  101 

LAW  COURTS. 

given  jurisdiction  under  this  Act 49  130 

LEADERS,  ROOF. 

projections  of 8  12 

requirements  for 57  124 

"  LEAKS,  REPAIR  OF." 

plumbing,  definition  of 49  112 

LESSEES. 

when  responsible  for  maintenance 58  127 

LESSEE  UNDER  RECORDED  LEASE. 

deemed  owner  of  building  or  structure 58  127 

LIGHT. 

tenement-house,  provision  for 33  55 

LIGHTS,  EXIT. 

public  buildings,  must  conform  to  theatre  requirements 47  107 

LIGHTING,  TENEMENT-HOUSE. 

board  of  health  may  regulate 58  128 

LIMESTONE. 

stresses  of..  12  14 


Index.  75 

Page.  Section. 
LINING,  CHIMNEY. 

when  required 8  12 

LOADS,  FLOOR. 

provision  for,  in  constructing 25  36 

commissioner  to  prescribe  maximum  for  existing  buildings 26  36 

LOBBIES,  THEATRE. 

requirements  for 43  90 

M. 

MAINTENANCE  OF  BUILDINGS. 

owners  and  lessees,  responsibility  of 58  127 

MAINTENANCE,  METHODS  OF. 

equivalents  may  be  allowed  by  appeal  board  and  commissioner . .  6  8 

MARBLE,  BUILDING. 

stresses  of 12  14 

MARKET  BUILDINGS. 

restrictions  of  sect.  9  not  to  apply  to 6  9 

MASONRY,  BRICK  AND  STONE. 

not  to  rest  on  wood 9  13 

exceptions 9  13 

MATERIALS,  BUILDING.  (See  BUILDING  MATERIALS.) 

strength  of 10  14 

stresses,  tables  of 10  14 

MATERIALS,  COMBUSTIBLE. 

not  to  be  housed  in  habitable  buildings 58  126 

METHODS  OF  COMPUTATION. 

strength  of  building  materials 10  14 

METHODS  OF  MAINTENANCE. 

equivalents  may  be  allowed  by  appeal  board  and  commissioner . .  6  8 

MORTARS. 

required  qualifications  of 14  15 

stresses  of 12  14 

MOVING  BUILDINGS. 

prohibitions  relating  to 9  13 

wooden,  within  building  limits  prohibited 9  13 

MOVING  PICTURE  SHOWS. 

subject  to  chapters  176  and  437,  Acts,  1905 47  106 

N. 

NIPPLES,  SOLDERING. 

required  diameter  and  weight  of 53  121 

NUISANCES. 

buildings  unlawfully  constructed  declared  to  be 59  132 

abatement  and  removal  of : 59  132 

0. 

OAK,  WHITE. 

strength  of 10  14 

OBSERVATION  STANDS. 

commissioner  must  approve  plans  of 9  13 


76  Index. 

Page.  Section. 

OCCUPANTS  OF  BUILDINGS. 

board  of  health  may  limit  number  of 58  128 

OFFICERS,  BUILDING  DEPARTMENT. 

may  enter  buildings  and  premises 59  129 

not  to  engage  in  other  business 3  1 

furnish  materials 3  J 

be  financially  interested 3  1 

requirements  and  restrictions 3  1 

to  serve  until  removal  or  discharge 3  1 

OFFICERS,  CITY,  CERTAIN. 

powers  of,  not  curtailed  by  this  act 6  10 

OFFICES,  STORES,  ETC. 

in  theatre  buildings 42  81 

OVERCROWDING,  TENEMENT-HOUSES. 

board  of  health  may  regulate  to  prevent 58  128 

OWNERS. 

responsible  for  maintenance  of  buildings  and  structures 58  129 


P. 

PAPER  STOCK,  COTTON,  ETC. 

not  to  be  housed  in  habitable  building 58  126 

PARK  COMMISSIONERS. 

not  affected  by  this  act 6  10 

PARTITIONS,  TENEMENT-HOUSE. 

construction  of 32  50 

PARTITIONS,  FIREPROOF. 

how  to  be  constructed 23  33 

"  PARTY  WALLS." 

definition  of 7  11 

prohibition  concerning 9  13 

PASSAGEWAYS,  THEATRE. 

radiators  not  to  be  placed  in 46  104 

PERMITS,  BUILDING: 

applications  for 4  1 

requirements  of 4  1 

applicants  may  appeal  to  board  of  appeal 5  7 

action  thereon 5  7 

building  commissioner  shall  grant,  for  construction 4  1 

if  terms  are  violated  commissioner  may  stop  work 4  1 

to  be  on  approved  printed  forms 4  1 

required  for  all  buildings 7  12 

PERMITS,  OTHER  THAN  BUILDING. 

required  for  alterations 7  12 

boilers,  steam 4  1 

elevators 27  38 

furnaces 4  1 

gas-fitting   4  1 

plumbing 50  114 

commissioner  to  grant,  on  application 4  1 


Index.  77 

Page.  Section. 

PICTURE  SHOWS,  MOVING. 

subject  to  chapters  176  and  437,  Acts,  1905 47  106 

PIERS  AND  HEARTHS. 

regulations  for 21  30 

PILING. 

regulations  for 18  18, 20 

PINE,  WHITE  AND  YELLOW. 

strength  of 10  14 

PIPES,  BACK  AIR. 

plumbing,  requirements  for 51  117 

PIPES,  BRASS. 

diameter,  thickness  and  weight  required 54  121 

PIPES,  CAST-IRON. 

diameter  and  weight  required 54  121 

PIPES,  DRAIN. 

requirements  relating  to 55  122 

PIPES,  LEAD. 

plumbing,  restricted  to  short  branches 53  121 

required  diameter,  thickness  and  weight , 54  121 

PIPES,  REFRIGERATOR  AND  DRIP. 

plumbing,  regulations  for 52  119 

PIPES,  SMOKE. 

not  to  project  through  walls  or  windows 9  13 

PIPES,  SOIL  AND  WASTE. 

plumbing,  requirements  for 50  117 

required  diameters  for 53  121 

PIPES,  STEAM,  ETC. 

not  to  be  within  one  inch  of  woodwork 9  13 

restrictions  concerning 9  13 

PIPES,  WASTE  AND  SOIL. 

plumbing,  requirements  for 50  117 

required  diameters  for 53  121 

PIPES,  WROUGHT-IRON. 

diameter,  thickness  and  weight  required 55  121 

PIPING,  CUTTING  FOR. 

restrictions  relating  to 13  14 

PLANS  AND  SPECIFICATIONS. 

building  commissioner  may  require 4  1 

duplicates  to  be  kept  at  buildings 4  1 

observation  stands,  commissioner  must  approve 9  13 

PLUMBERS. 

must  be  registered  or  licensed 50  113 

get  permits 50  114 

notify  commissioner  on  changing  place  of  business 50  113 

PLUMBING. 

"  air  pipes,"  definition  of 49  112 

requirements  for 51  117, 1 18 

appliances  for  heat  and  power  in  hazardous  buildings '.  .  .  .         57  125 

clean-outs,  required  diameter  and  weight  of .         53  121 

connection  with  sewer  or  drain 50  115 

definition  of  terms  used  in. .  49  112 


78  Index. 

Page.  Section. 

PLUMBING,  continued. 

"  drain,"  meaning  of 49  112 

drain  pipes,  requirements  for 55  122 

drains,  surface,  must  have  seal  trap  and  back-water  valve 57  124 

exhausts,  steam,  regulations  for 56  122 

ferrules,  required  diameter  and  weight  of 53  121 

fittings,  drainage,  must  be  galvanized 51  121 

"  fixture,"  definition  of 50  112 

hazardous  buildings,  hearings  on 57  125 

hearings  on  hazardous  buildings  and  appliances 57  125 

inspection  and  tests  of  work 50  116 

laboratory,  to  be  approved  by  commissioner 52  117 

leaders,  roof,  requirements  for 57  124 

"  leaks,  repair  of,"  meaning  of 49  112 

municipal  court  given  jurisdiction  in  law  cases 59  130 

nipples,  soldering,  required  diameter  and  weight  of 53  121 

pipes,  back  air,  requirements  for 51  117 

brass,  required  diameter,  thickness  and  weight 54  121 

cast  iron,  required  diameter,  thickness  and  weight 54  121 

lead,  required  diameter,  thickness  and  weight 54  121 

restricted  to  short  branches 53  121 

refrigerator  and  drip,  regulations  for .- 52  119 

soil  and  waste,  requirements  for 50  117 

required  diameter  of 53  121 

vent,  definition  of 49  112 

wrought  iron,  required  diameter,  thickness  and  weight. ...  55  121 

plumbers  must  be  registered  or  licensed 50  113 

apply  for  permits 50  114 

give  notice  of  change  of  place  of  business 50  113 

roof  leaders,  requirements  for 57  124 

"  soil  pipe,"  definition  of 49  112 

soldering  nipples,  required  diameter  and  weight  of 53  121 

stable  drainage  fixtures  to  be  approved  by  commissioner 52  117 

"  surface  drain,"  meaning  of 50  112 

must  have  seal  trap  and  back-water  valve 57  124 

terms  used  in,  defined 49  112 

tests  and  inspection  of  work 50  116 

to  be  inspected  and  approved 50  116 

traps,  requirements  for 50  117 

special,  when  required 56  123 

"  vent  pipes,"  definition  of 49  112 

"  ventilation  pipe,"  definition  of 50  112 

vents,  requirements  for 51  117 

waste  pipes  and  traps,  provisions  for 50  117 

water-closets,  requirements  for 52  120 

"  y-branches,"  definition  of 49  112 

POLICE  COMMISSIONER. 

not  affected  by  this  Act 6  10 

PORTABLE  SCHOOL  BUILDINGS. 

not  affected  by  this  Act 6  10 


CIVIL  ENGINEERING 

79 


Index. 


POWER  AND  HEAT.  ._.     __._     _ 

appliances  for,  in  hazardous  buildings * 57 

PROHIBITIONS,  BUILDING. 

complete  list  of 9             13 

relating  to  alterations,  repairs  and  moving 9             13 

PROJECTIONS  OVER  PUBLIC  WAYS. 

restrictions  relating  to 9             13 

PROSCENIUM  WALLS. 

theatres  must  have 42             83 

PUBLIC  BUILDINGS. 

aisles  of,  must  conform  to  requirements  for  theatres 47           107 

exits  of,  must  conform  to  requirements  for  theatres 47           107 

exit  lights  must  conform  to  requirements  for  theatres 47           107 

seats  must  conform  to  requirements  for  theatres 47           107 

stairways  must  conform  to  requirements  for  theatres 47           107 

PUBLIC  HEARINGS. 

on  hazardous  buildings  and  appliances 57           125 

PUBLIC  SAFETY. 

commissioner  may  take  necessary  measures 7            12 

power  of,  relating  to 4               4 

PUBLIC  WAYS. 

boilers  not  to  be  placed  under 9             13 

PUBLIC  WAYS  AND  SQUARES. 

projections  over,  regulations  for 9             13 

Q. 

QUAYS,  WHARVES,  ETC. 

not  affected  by  this  Act 6  10 

R. 

RADIATORS. 

theatre,  forbidden  in  passageways 46  104 

RAGS,  FEATHERS,  ETC. 

not  to  be  housed  in  habitable  buildings 58  126 

RAILROAD  STATIONS. 

not  affected  by  this  Act 6  10 

RECESS,  OR  CHASE. 

requirements  relating  to 9  13 

"  REPAIR  OF  LEAKS  " 

plumbing,  meaning  of 49  112 

"  REPAIRS." 

tenement-house,  defined 9  13 

prohibitions  relating  to 9  13 

REPAIRS  AND  ALTERATIONS. 

permits  required  for 9  13 

REPEALS. 

138    chapter  419,  acts,  1892,  repealed  by  this  Act 59  133 

REPORTS. 

board  of  appeal  to  mayor 6  8 

to  be  printed  separately 6  8 


80  Index. 

Page.  Section. 

RESPONSIBILITY  FOR  MAINTENANCE. 

of  owners  and  lessees 58  127 

RESTRICTIONS. 

tenement-house,  commissioner  not  to  dispense  with 41  76 

ROOFS. 

not  to  discharge  on  street  or  alley 9  13 

observation  stands  not  to  be  erected  on \ .  . .  .  9  13 

permanent  means  of  access  to 8  12 

ROOF  GARDENS. 

above  theatres,  provisions  for 47  108 

exits  required  for 48  109 

ROOF  LEADERS. 

requirements  for 57  124 

ROOMS,  TENEMENT-HOUSE. 

lighting  and  ventilation  of 36  63 

size  of,  regulations  for 37  64 

s. 

SALARIES. 

building  commissioner 3  1 

members  of  appeal  board 5  6 

SANDSTONE. 

stresses  of 12  14 

SCHOOL  BUILDINGS,  PORTABLE. 

not  affected  by  this  act 6  10 

SCUTTLES  AND  BULKHEADS. 

tenement-house,  requirements  for 30  44 

SEATS,  THEATRE. 

arrangement,  and  space  for 43  87 

SEATS,  PUBLIC  BUILDINGS. 

must  conform  to  requirements  for  theatres 47  107 

"  SHAFT." 

definition  of 29  42 

SHAFTS,  ELEVATOR. 

tenement-house,  regulations  for 32  52 

SHUTTERS. 

provision  and  requirements  for 26  37 

SKYLIGHTS. 

tenement- house,  regulations  for 40  71 

SMOKE  PIPES. 

not  to  project  through  wall  or  window 9  13 

"  SOIL  PIPE." 

plumbing,  definition  of 49  112 

SOIL  AND  WASTE  PIPES  AND  TRAPS. 

plumbing,  requirements  for 50  117 

SOLDERING  NIPPLES. 

required  diameter  and  weight  of 53  121 

SPECIFICATIONS  AND  PLANS. 

commissioner  may  require 4  1 

duplicate  to  be  kept  at  building 4  1 

observation  stands,  commissioner  must  approve 9  13 


Index. 


81 


Page.  Section. 
SPRINKLERS  AND  STANDPIPES. 

theatre,  regulations  for 46  104 

SPRUCE. 

strength  of 10  14 

STABLES. 

restrictions  relating  to  location  of 9  13 

STABLES,  DRAINAGE  OF. 

fixtures  to  be  approved  by  commissioner 52  117 

STAGE  DOORS. 

theatre,  requirements  for 44       91-94 

STAGING  OR  STANDS  FOR  OBSERVATION. 

not  to  be  erected  on  roofs 9  13 

STAIRS,  THEATRE. 

how  to  be  constructed '.         45  100-103 

STAIRS  AND  PUBLIC  HALLS. 

tenement-house,  requirements  for 31  45 

STAIR  HALLS. 

tenement-house,  construction  of 31  46 

STAIRWAYS,  PUBLIC  BUILDINGS. 

must  conform  to  requirements  for  theatres 47  107 

STANDS,  OBSERVATION. 

not  to  be  erected  on  roofs 9  13 

commissioner  must  approve  plans  of 9  13 

STANDPIPES  AND  SPRINKLERS. 

theatre,  regulations  for 46  104 

STATE  BUILDINGS. 

not  affected  by  this  Act 6  10 

STATIONS,  RAILROAD. 

not  affected  by  this  Act 6  10 

STEAM  EXHAUSTS. 

regulations  pertaining  to 56  122 

STEEL. 

tensile  strength  of 11  14 

STIRRUP  IRONS. 

when  required 8  12 

STONEWORK  IN  COMPRESSION. 

restrictions  relating  to 12  14 

STORE  FRONTS. 

outside  finish  of 8  12 

STORES,  OFFICES,  ETC. 

in  theatre  buildings 42  81 

STORES  AND  STORAGE  BUILDINGS. 

fire-escape,  requirements  for 17  17 

"STORY,"  BUILDING. 

definition  of 7  11 

STRAW,  HAY,  FEED,  ETC. 

not  to  be  housed  in  habitable  building 58  126 

STRESSES,  BUILDING  MATERIALS. 

tables  of 10  14 

STREET  COMMISSIONERS. 

not  affected  by  this  Act 6  10 


82  Index. 

Page.  Section. 

STRUCTURES,  TEMPORARY. 

commissioner  may  prescribe  conditions  for 6  9 

SUMMER  THEATRES. 

outside  building  limits,  how  may  be  constructed 48  110 

"  SURFACE  DRAIN." 

plumbing,  meaning  of 50  112 

SURFACE  DRAINS. 

must  have  deep  seal  trap  and  back-water  valve 57  124 

T. 

TABLES,  STRESSES. 

showing  strength  of  building  materials 10  14 

TEMPORARY  STRUCTURES. 

commissioner  to  prescribe  conditions  for 6  9 

TENEMENT-HOUSES. 

additional  requirements  for 29  42 

"  apartment,"  definition  of 30  42 

ashes,  receptacles  for 41  75 

bakeries  and  fat-boiling  in,  prohibited 33  53 

balconies,  requirements  for 30  42 

basements,  requirements  for 38  68 

bulkheads,  construction  of 30  42 

•cellar  ceilings,  construction  of 32  49 

"  corner  lot,"  definition  of 29  42 

"  courts,"  definition  of 29  42 

general  regulations  for 35  57 

inner,  regulations  for 35  59 

outer,  regulations  for 35  58 

vent,  regulations  for 36  60 

dangerous  business  in,  prohibited 33  54 

definitions  of  certain  words 29  42 

drainage  to  satisfaction  of  board  of  health 41  74 

egress,  provision  for '.  .  30  43 , 

elevator  shafts,  regulations  for 32  52 

entrance  halls,  construction  of 32  48 

fire-escapes,  construction  of 30  42 

in  what  they  shall  consist 30  43 

general,  regulations  for 30  43 

internal  and  external 30  43 

garbage,  receptacles  for 41  75 

general  requirements  for 29  42 

"  hall  stair,"  definition  of 29  42 

intakes,  provision  for 36  61 

light,  provision  for 33  55 

lighting,  board  of  health  may  regulate 58  128 

other  buildings  on  same  lot 36  62 

outside  limits,  restrictions 32  51 

overcrowding,  board  of  health  may  prevent 58  128 

partitions,  construction  of 32  50 

"  public  hall,"  definition  of 29  42 

"  repairs,"  definition  of 30  42 


Index.  83 

Page.  Section. 
TENEMENT-HOUSES,  continued. 

rooms  of,  lighting  and  ventilation 37  63 

size  of 37  64 

scuttles,  construction  of 30  42 

"  shaft,"  definition  of 29  42 

skylights,  regulations  for 40  71 

stair  halls,  construction  of 31  46 

ventilation,  board  of  health  may  regulate 58  128 

water-closets,  requirements  for 38  69,  72 

water  supply,  regulations  for 40  73 

windows  in  public  halls  of : 37  65 

for  stair  halls 37  66 

"  yard,"  definition  of 29  42 

yards,  requirements  and  regulations  for 33  55,  56 

where  not  required 34  56 

TENEMENT-HOUSE  REQUIREMENTS. 

commissioner  not  to  dispense  with 41  76 

TERMS  USED  IN  PLUMBING. 

meaning  of,  defined 49  112 

TESTS,  ELEVATOR. 

manufacturers  must  make 27  38 

TESTS,  PLUMBING. 

work  must  be  approved 50  116 

THEATRES. 

aisles,  regulations  for 43  88 

art  galleries  above 47  108 

auditoriums,  heating  apparatus  under 46  104 

curtains,  must  have  fireproof 42  84 

fireproof  construction  required 41  78 

curtains  required 42  84 

floor  levels  of 42  82 

gas  pipe  outlets  required 45  99 

handrails,  stair,  requirements  for 46  102 

inspection,  gas  pipe  outlets,  required 45  99 

landings,  stair,  required  dimensions  of 46  101 

lobbies,  requirements  for 43  90 

open  courts  required 41  79,  80 

proscenium  walls  required 42  83 

curtains,  required 42  84 

public  buildings  must  conform  to  requirements  for 47  107 

radiators  forbidden  in  passageways  of 46  104 

roof  gardens  may  be  above 47  108 

seats  in  auditorium,  requirements  for 43  87 

stage  doors  must  be  provided 44  91 

floors,  requirements  for 42  85 

stairs,  how  to  be  constructed 45  100 

sprinklers,  automatic,  required 46  104 

standpipes  required 46  104 

stores,  offices,  etc.,  under 42  81 

"  theatre,"  definition  of 41  77 

ventilators,  requirements  for 42  86 


84  Index. 

Page.   Section. 

THEATRES,  CONSTRUCTION  OF. 

general  regulations  relating  to 41  77 

THEATRE  EXITS. 

general  regulations  for 44  91-99 

THEATRES,  EXISTING. 

general  regulations  for 48  111 

THEATRES,  SUMMER. 

outside  building  limits,  how  may  be  constructed 48  100 

THIRD-CLASS  BUILDINGS. 

definition  of 7  11 

TIMBERS. 

in  walls,  how  to  be  treated 24  34 

TRAPS,  PLUMBING. 

requirements  for 50  117 

TRAPS,  SPECIAL. 

grease,  inflammable  compounds,  non-siphon 56  123 

TRIMMERS,  WOODEN. 

when  required 8  12 

TRUSSES,  RIVETED. 

rule  for  computation 16  16 

u. 

UNSAFE  BUILDINGS. 

commissioner  may  order  vacated 4  4 

to  post  notices  on 4  4 

V. 

VACANCIES. 

in  board  of  appeal,  how  filled 5  6 

VAULTED  WALLS. 

regulations  for 20  26 

VENTILATION,  TENEMENT-HOUSE. 

board  of  health  may  regulate 58  128 

provision  for 33  55 

"  VENTILATION  PIPE." 

plumbing,  definition  of 50  112 

VENTILATING  FLUES. 

must  be  of  incombustible  material 8  12 

VENTILATORS,  THEATRE. 

requirements  for 42  86 

"  VENT  PIPES." 

plumbing,  definition  of 49  112 

VENTS. 

plumbing,  requirements'  for 51  117 

VIOLATORS  OF  BUILDING  LAWS. 

may  be  fined  $500 59  132 

VOTING  BOOTHS. 

not  affected  by  this  Act 6  10 


Index. 


85 


W. 

Page.  Section. 

WALLS. 

general  regulations  for  construction  of 18  18 

framed  with  iron  or  steel 21  27 

proscenium,  theatres  must  have 42  83 

WALLS  ABOVE  ROOF,  PARTY. 

requirements  for 21  28 

WALLS,  CORNICES. 

regulations  for 21  29 

WALLS,  CURTAIN. 

party  and  outside,  must  have 21  27 

WALLS,  PARALLEL. 

to  be  properly  tied 8  12 

"WALLS,  PARTITION." 

definition  of 7  11 

"WALLS,  PARTY." 

definition  of 7  11 

must  have  curtain 21  27 

openings  for  doorways  in 22  31 

wooden  buildings  to  have 28  40 

"  WALLS,  THICKNESS  OF." 

meaning  of,  defined 7  11 

regulations  relating  to 19  23 

WALLS,  VAULTED. 

regulations  for 20  26 

WASTE  PIPES  AND  TRAPS. 

plumbing,  requirements  for 50  117 

WATER-CLOSETS. 

number  required 8  12 

requirements  for 52  120 

tenement-house,  provisions  for 38      67,  69 

ventilation  of 8  12 

WATER  PIPES. 

protection  from  frosts 8  12 

WATER  SUPPLY. 

tenement-house,  requirements  for 40  73 

WHARVES,  MARKET  BUILDINGS,  ETC. 

restrictions  of,  sect.  9  not  to  apply  to 6  9 

WHARVES,  QUAYS,  ETC. 

not  affected  by  this  Act 6  10 

WIND-BRACING. 

provision  for,  required 13  14 

WINDOWS. 

habitable  buildings,  regulations  for 25  35 

tenement-house,  in  public  halls 37  65 

for  stair  halls 37  66 

WIRES,  COMMISSIONER  OF. 

not  affected  by  this  Act 6  10 

provisions  of  sect.  7  apply  to 5  7 


86  Index. 

Page.  Section. 

WOODEN  BUILDINGS. 

construction  of,  general  regulations  for 28  39 

height  of;  requirements 28  40 

not  to  be  moved  within  limits 9  13 

proximity  to  other  buildings 28  40 

WOODEN  HEADERS. 

requirements  for ,.  .  .  8  12 

WOODEN  TRIMMERS. 

when  required 8  12 

Y. 

"  Y-BRANCHES." 

plumbing,  definition  of 49  112 

"  YARD." 

definition  of 29  42 

YARDS,  TENEMENT-HOUSE. 

general  regulations  for 33  55 

when  not  required 34  56 


I      The  Master  Builders  Association 

OF  BOSTON, 
No.  166  Devonshire  Street. 


THE 

MASTER  BUILDERS  ASSOCIATION 

OF  BOSTON. 


BOARD  OF  MANAGEMENT, 
1907. 

(Regular  meeting  —  fifth  day  of  each  month.) 


PRESIDENT. 
IRA  G.  HERSEY. 

VICE-PRESIDENT. 
S.  FRED  HICKS. 

SECRETARY  AND  TREASURER. 
WILLIAM  H.  SAYWARD. 

TRUSTEES. 
WM.  A.  SHERRY. 
(Term  expires  December,  1907.) 

WALTER  A.  WENTWORTH. 
(Term  expires  December,  1907:) 

WILLIAM  B.  JOHNSON. 
(Term  expires  December,  1908.) 

HAZEN  E.  RICKER. 

(Term  expires  December,  1908.) 

FRANK  C.  FARQUHAR. 
(Term  expires  December,  1909.) 

JACKSON  H.  TOWNSEND. 
(Term  expires  December,  1909.) 


The  Master  Builders  Association. 


ALPHABETICAL  LIST  OF  MEMBERS. 


A 

Aberthaw  Construction  Co.  Concrete  Work. 

American  Enameled  Brick  and  Tile  Co.  Enameled  Brick,  Tile. 

American  Fire  Proofing  Co.  Salamander  Fireproofing. 
American  Luxfer  Prism  Co.                        Luxfer  Prism  Sash,  Skylights. 

American  Painting  and  Decorating  Co.  Painting  and  Decorating. 
Appleton,  Samuel.                                      Employers'  Liability  Insurance. 

B 

Badger,  E.  B.  &  Sons  Co.  Copper  Workers. 

Barker,  William  P.  Granite  Quarries. 

Barker  &  Company,  Inc.  Lumber. 

Barnard,  George  A.  Roofer. 

Barry,  Joseph  A.  Lumber  on  Commission. 

Bay  State  Hardware  Co.  Hardware. 

Beck,  Edward  C.  Painter. 

Berry  &  Ferguson.  Masons'  Supplies. 

Blair,  Isaac  &  Co.  Building  Movers. 

Blanchard  Lumber  Co.  Wholesale  Lumber. 

Boice  &  Grogan  Lumber  Co.  Wholesale  Lumber. 

Boston  Bridge  Works  (Inc.).  Iron  and  Steel  Workers. 

Boston  Building  Wrecking  Co.  Building  Wreckers. 

Boston  Plate  and  Window  Glass  Co.  Window  Glass. 

Bowker,  Torrey  Co.  Marble  Workers. 

Briggs  Brothers.  Stair  Builders. 

Brockway-Smith  Corporation.  Doors,  Windows,  Blinds. 

Brown,  A.  S.,  Jr.  Surety  Bonds. 

Brown-Ketcham  Iron  Works.  Iron  and  Steel  Workers. 
Buerkel  &  Co.                                                 Plumbers  and  Steam  Fitters. 

Burditt  &  Williams  Co.  Hardware. 

Burke  Brothers.  Carpenter  Builders. 

Butler,  Philip  H.  &  Co.  Marble  Workers. 

Byrne,  Thos.  W.  Electrical  Contractor. 


Campbell,  P.  J.  &  Sons.  Freestone  Workers. 

Carew,  Joseph  F.  Freestone  Worker. 

Carlisle,  E.  A.,  Pope  &  Co.  Doors,  Windows,  Blinds. 

Carnegie  Steel  Co.  (Limited).  Iron  and  Steel  Merchants. 

Carr,  The  George  W.  Co.  Cement  and  Asphalt  Work. 

Cavanagh,  George  H.  Pile  Driver. 


The  Master  Builders  Association. 


Cavanagh,  John  &  Son. 
Chandler  &  Barber. 
Charles  River  Stone  Co. 
Cheeves,  Wm.  R. 
Christie,  John  &  Son. 
Clark,  Cyrus  T.  Co. 
Clark,  E.  W.  &  Co. 
Clark  &  Lee. 
Clark  &  Smith  Co.  (Inc.) 
Cleveland  Stone  Co. 
Clinton  Wire  Cloth  Co. 
Connery  &  Wentworth. 
Connolly  Brothers. 
Consolidated  Stone  Co. 
Cook,  E.  L. 
Cook,  Wm.  A. 
Crafts,  Henry's  Sons. 
Croft  Iron  Works  Co. 
Cuddihy,  M.  H.  &  Sons. 
Currier,  Charles  E.  Co. 
Curtis  &  Pope  Lumber  Co. 
Cutler,  Frank  E. 
Cutting,  George  H.  &  Co. 


Building  Moving  Co. 

Hardware. 

Freestone  Workers. 

Granite  Worker. 

Lathers. 

Painters. 

Mason  Builders. 

Carpenter  Builders. 

Lumber  Dealers. 

Stone  Dealers. 

Wire  Workers  and  Metal  Lathing. 

Mason  Builders. 

General  Contractors. 

Stone  Dealers. 

Brick  Manufacturer. 

Fireproof  Doors. 

Masons'  Supplies. 

Iron  and  Steel  Workers. 

North  River  Bluestone. 

Carpenter  Builders. 

Lumber. 

Painter. 

General  Contractors. 


Daniel,  John. 

Davenport-Brown  Co. 

Davis,  James  A.  &  Co. 

Day,  E.  F.  &  Co. 

Dodge,  Charles  A.  &  Co. 

Dodge,  Chas.  H.,  Construction  Co. 

Donovan,  D.  F.  &  Co. 

Drisko,  O.  H.  &  Son. 

Dugad,  Geo.  R.  &  Co. 


Carpenter  Builder. 

Wood  Workers,  Builders'  Finish. 

Masons'  Supplies. 

Brick  Manufacturers. 

Mason  Builders. 

Mason  Builders. 

Plasterers. 

Carpenter  Builders. 

Stone  Masons. 


Eagles  &  Irwin. 

Eastern  Expanded  Metal  Co. 

Elston,  A.  A.  &  Co. 

Elston,  Thos.  &  Co. 

Emery,  John  A. 

Empire  Stone  Co. 

Essex  Trap  Rock  &  Construction  Co. 


Mason  Builders. 

Metal  Lathing. 

Building  Wreckers. 

Building  Wreckers. 

Mason  Builder. 

Limestone. 

Broken  Stone. 


Fait,  J.  P.  &  Co. 

Farquhar,  John's  Sons,  Incorporated. 

Farquharson,  T.  J. 

Fillmore,  W.  Company. 

Fiske  &  Company. 


Freestone  Workers. 

Roofers. 

Carpenter. 

Carpenter  Builders. 

Brick  and  Terra-Cotta. 


The  Master  Builders  Association. 


Fletcher  &  Lahey. 
Fraser,  J.  C.  &  Sons. 
French,  J.  W.  &  Co. 
Fuller,  Seth  W.  Co. 


Granite. 

Carpenters  and  Builders. 

Plumbers. 

Electrical  Engineers. 


Gale,  George  W.,  Lumber  Co, 
Gallagher  &  Munro  Co. 
Gallagher,  Robert  Co. 
Genasco  Roofing  Company. 
Gerry  &  Northup. 
Gibson,  Richard. 
Goss,  John  L. 
Graham  &  Cameron. 
Granite  Railway  Co. 
Greene  &  Haley. 


Lumber  and  Builders'  Finish. 

Plasterers. 

Plasterers. 

Roofers. 

Carpenter  Builders. 

Carpenter  Builder. 

Granite. 

Stair  Builders. 

Granite. 

Roofers  and  Sheet  Metal  Workers. 


H 


Haberstroh,  L.  &  Son. 

Hall,  Charles  E.  &  Co. 

Hallowell  Granite  Co. 

Ham  &  Carter  Co. 

Ham,  L.  M.  &  Co. 

Hannon,  Frank  J. 

Harrington,  Robinson  &  Co. 

Harvey,  George  W.  Co. 

Hastings,  A.  W.  &  Co. 

Hayes,  George  Co. 

Heath  &  Milligan  Manufacturing  Co. 

Hecla  Iron  Works. 

Hersey,  Ira  G. 

Hicks,  S.  D.  &  Son. 

Hind,  Thomas  J. 

Hodges,  F.  L. 

Horton  &  Hemenway. 

Hosmer,  Jerome  C. 

Huckins,  P.  S.  &  Co. 

Hunt,  H.  H. 

Hunter,  J.  B.  &  Co. 

Hussey,  H.  &  Co. 


Painters. 
Marble  Workers. 
Granite. 

Masons'  Supplies. 
Iron  and  Steel  Workers. 
Teamster  —  Sand  and  Gravel. 
Iron  and  Steel  Merchants. 
Mason  Builders. 
Doors,  Windows,  Blinds. 
Pile  Drivers. 

Paints,  Oils  and  Varnishes. 
Iron  and  Steel  Workers. 
Carpenter  Builder. 
Copper  Workers. 
Roofer  and  Concrete  Worker. 
Carpenter  Builder. 
General  Contractors  and  Builders. 
Carpenter  Builder. 
Hard  Pine  Lumber. 
Carpenter  Builder. 
Hardware. 
Plumbers. 


Jacobs,  David  H.  &  Son. 
James  &  Marra. 
Johnson  Brothers. 
Johnson,  Wm.  B. 
Johnson,  Thomas  J.  &  Co. 


Mason  Builders. 

Freestone  Workers. 

Mason  Builders. 

Plumber. 

Doors,  Windows,  Blinds. 


Kearns,  W.  F.  Co. 
Kenrick  Brothers. 


Metal  Lathing,  Fireproofing. 
Plumbers  and  Steam  Fitters. 


The  Master  Builders  Association. 


Lally,  Thomas  J. 

Larivee,  Cyril  J. 

Leatherbee,  C.  W.,  Lumber  Co. 

Lewis,  Edwin  C. 

Logue,  Chas. 

Lombard  Fire-Proofing  Co. 

Lombard,  S.  &  R.  J. 

Lyons,  Thomas  J.  (Estate  of). 


Macauley,  George  W. 

Mack,  J.  J.  &  T.  F. 

Mack  &  Moore. 

Mainland,  John  Y. 

Marshall,  H.  Newton  Company. 

McConnell,  Wm.  A. 

McCoy,  James  E. 

McGann,  The  T.  F.  &  Sons  Co. 

McGaw,  John  &  Sons. 

Mclntosh,  A.  Co. 

McKay,  J.  J. 

McLauthlin,  George  T.  Co. 

McLellan,  James  D. 

McLoughlin,  John. 

McNeil  Brothers. 

McNinch,  Robert  W. 

McQuesten,  Geo.  Co. 

Meaney,  E.  F.  &  Co. 

Miller,  S.  N.  &  Co. 

Miller,  William  L. 

Mills  &  Moore. 

Mitchell,  William  H.  &  Son  Co. 

Mitchell  &  Sutherland  (Inc.) 

Moriaty,  John  D. 

Morrison,  George  W. 

Morss  &  Whyte  Co. 

Moulton  &  Webb. 

Muir  Brothers. 

Murtfeldt,  Wm.  A.  Co. 


National  Fire-Proofing  Co. 
New  England  Structural  Co. 
Nicholson,  Jos.  &  Son. 
Nilson  Brothers. 
Norcross  Brothers  Co. 
Norcross,  William  C.  Co. 
Norton,  W.  A.  Co. 
Norwood  &  Ramsdell. 


M 


N 


Masonry  Pointer. 
Lumber. 
Lumber. 

Electrical  Engineer. 

General  Contractor. 

Fireproofing. 

Granite. 

Mason  Builder. 


Builders'  Finish. 

Mason  Builders. 

Building  Contractors. 

Carpenter  Builder. 

Painters. 

Floor  Layer. 

Mason  Builder. 

Manufacturers  of  Metal  Goods. 

Carpenter  Builders. 

Plasterers. 

Granite  Jobber. 

Iron  and  Steel  Workers. 

Carpenter  Builder. 

Gas  Fitter. 

Carpenter  Builders. 

Lumber. 

Hard  Pine  Lumber. 

Freestone  Workers. 

Mason  Builders. 

Pile  Driver,  Engines  and  Boilers. 

Metal  Workers. 

Plumbers. 

Carpenter  Builders. 

Floor  Layer. 

Carpenter  Builder. 

Wire  Workers. 

Builders'  Finish. 

Plasterers. 

Roofers  and  Concrete  Workers, 


Fireproof  Materials. 

Iron  and  Steel  Workers. 

Carpenters  and  Builders. 

Painters. 

General  Contractors. 

Masons'  Supplies. 

Pile  Drivers  and  Piling. 

Masons  and  Builders. 


The  Master  Builders  Association. 


O'Brien,  D.  A.  &  Son.  Roofers. 

O'Connell,  John.  Gas  Fitter. 

O'Riorden,  Patrick  (Estate  of).  Teamster,  Sand  and  Gravel. 


Parker,  Charles  S.  Sons.  Roofers. 
Parker,  Thomas  Co.,  Incorporated.         Plasterers  and  Stucco  Workers. 

Parry  Brick  Co.  Brick  Manufacturers. 
Penn  Metal  Ceiling  and  Roofing  Co.,  Ltd.   Metal  Ceiling,  Metal  Roofing. 

Perry,  Lewis  F.,  &  Whitney  Co.  Painters. 

Perry-Matthews-Buskirk  Stone  Co.  Limestone  and  Sandstone. 

Pickett,  R.  H.  &  J.  C.  Masonry  Pointers. 

Pigeon  Hill  Granite  Co.  Granite. 

Pitman  &  Brown  Co.  General  Contractors. 

Pittsburg  Plate  Glass  Co.  Window  Glass. 

Plummer,  R.  B.,  Jr.  Carpenter  Builder. 

Powers,  Frank  H.  Carpenter  Builder. 

Pratt,  Amasa  &  Co.  Doors,  Windows,  Blinds. 

Pray,  William.  Mason  Builder. 

Preble,  Walter  H.  Co.  Mason  Builders. 

Puritan  Iron  Works.  Vanes  —  Stable  Fittings. 


Rand,  David  L.  Mason  Builder. 

Ricker,  E.,  Son  &  Co.  Granite  Workers. 

Rilovich,  Martin.  %               Floor  Layer. 

Robbins,  A.  B.,  Iron  Co.  Iron  Workers. 

Rockland-Rockport  Lime  Co.  Lime  Manufacturers. 

Rockport  Granite  Co.  Granite. 

Roebling  Construction  Co.  Fireproof  Construction. 

Rogers,  F.  M.  &  Co.  Painters. 

Root,  W.  A.  &  H.  A.  (Inc.)  Mason  Builders. 

Ross,  H.  F.  Co.  Carpenter  Builders. 

Russell,  J.  &  Co.  Metal  Lathing. 


Sawyer,  E.  D.,  Lumber  Co.  Lumber. 

Sayward,  William  H.  Mason  Builder. 

Schupbach  &  Zeller.  Painters. 
Simpson  Bros.  Corporation.                        Asphalt  and  Cement  Workers. 

Smith,  E.  M.  &  Son.  Whitewashes. 

Smith,  G.  W.  &  F.,  Iron  Co.  Iron  and  Steel  Workers. 

Smith,  H.  W.  &  E.  G.  Piling,  Teaming. 

Smith,  James.  Mason  Builder. 

Smith  &  Lovett  Co.  Iron  and  Steel  Workers. 

Snow,  F.  A.  (c.  E.)  Sewers  and  Foundations. 

Soley,  John  &  Sons  (Inc.).  Building  Movers. 

Soule,  L.  P.  &  Son  Co.  Mason  Builders. 

Spiers-Fish  Brick  Co.  Brick,  Lime  and  Cement. 


The  Master  Builders  Association. 


Standard  Plate  Glass  Co. 
Stearns,  A.  T.,  Lumber  Co. 
Stevens,  F.  W. 
Sullivan,  William  J.  (Inc.). 
Sweatt  &  Gould. 


Plate  and  Window  Glass. 

Lumber  and  Builders'  Finish. 

Carpenter  and  Builder. 

Freestone  Worker. 

Granite  Workers. 


Taylor,  E.  R.  Co. 
Tidd,  Lyman  R. 
Townsend,  J.  H. 
Travelers  Insurance  Co. 
Tufts,  George  M. 


Waldo  Brothers. 
Wallburg  &  Sherry. 
Warren  Brothers  Co. 
Washburn,  D.  &  Sons. 
Waterproofing  Co.,  The. 
Weston,  W.  M.  Co. 
Wheeler,  R.  B. 
Whitcomb,  E.  Noyes  Co. 
Whitcomb,  Frank  L. 
White,  John. 
Whitney,  Arthur  C. 
Whittier  Machine  Co. 
Whyte,  Oliver  Co. 
Wight,  Edward  A.  (Estate  of), 
Wilkinson,  James  &  Co. 
Willcutt,  L.  D.  &  Sons  Co. 
Wilson,  J.  T.  &  Son. 
Windsor  Cement  Co. 
Wingate,  James  I.  &  Son. 
Wood,  William  H.  &  Co. 
Woodbury  &  Leighton  Co. 
Wyman- Allen  Lumber  Co. 


Cement  and  Asphalt  Work. 

Pile  Driver. 

Plasterer. 

Liability  Insurance. 
Carpenter  Builder. 

W 

Masons'  Supplies,  Fireproof  Material- 

Painters- 

Roofing,  Granolithic  and  Asphalt. 

Brick  Manufacturers. 

Waterproofing  and  Dampproofing. 

Lumber. 
Lumber. 

Carpenter  Builders. 

Carpenter  Builder. 

Painter. 

General  Contractor. 

Elevators  and  Machinery. 

Wire  Workers. 

Lumber. 

Electrical  Contractors. 
Mason  Builders. 

Carpenters  and  General  Contractors. 
Mason  Supplies  and  Wall  Plaster. 

Painters. 
Lumber. 

General  Contractors. 
Lumber  Dealers. 


Young,  William  N. 


Carpenter  Builder. 


The  Master  Builders  Association. 


LIST  OF  MEMBERS  BY  TRADES. 


ASPHALT  AND  CEMENT  FLOORING  AND  PAVING. 

Carr,  The  George  W.  Co.  Simpson  Bros.  Corporation. 

Hind,  Thos.  J.  Taylor,  E.  R.  Co. 

Murtfeldt,  W.  A.  Co.  Warren  Brothers  Co. 

BELLS,  SPEAKING  TUBES,  AND  ELECTRICAL  APPLIANCES. 

Fuller,  Seth  W.  Co.  Lewis,  Edwin  C. 

BOILER  MAKERS. 

Whittier  Machine  Co. 

BRICK  MANUFACTURERS  AND  DEALERS. 

American  Enameled  Brick  and  Fiske  &  Company. 

Tile  Co.  Ham  &  Carter  Co. 

Cook,  E.  L.  Norcross,  W.  C.  Co. 

Crafts,  Henry's  Sons.  Parry  Brick  Co. 

Curtis  &  Pope  Lumber  Co.  Spiers-Fish  Brick  Co. 

Day,  E.  F.  &  Co.  Waldo  Brothers. 

Dodge,  Charles  A.  &  Co.  Washburn,  D.  &  Sons. 

BRIDGE   AND  WHARF  BUILDERS. 

Boston  Bridge  Works  (Inc.).  Miller,  William  L. 

Cavanagh,  George  H.  Norton,  W.  A.  Co. 

Hayes,  George  Co.  Tidd,  Lyman  R. 

BROKEN  STONE. 

Essex  Trap  Rock  &  Construction  Co . 

BUILDERS'   FINISH. 

Davenport-Brown  Co.  Moulton  &  Webb. 

Gale,  George  W.,  Lumber  Co.  Pratt,  Amasa  &  Co. 

Leatherbee,  C.  W.,  Lumber  Co.  Ross,  H.  F.  Co. 

Macauley,  George  W.  Stearns,  A.  T.,  Lumber  Co. 

BUILDING  MOVERS. 

Blair,  Isaac  &  Co.  Cavanagh,  John  &  Son. 

Soley,  John  &  Sons  (Inc.). 

BUILDING  WRECKERS. 

Boston  Building  Wrecking  Co.  Elston,  A.  A.  &  Co. 

Elston,  Thomas  A.  &  Co. 


The  Master  Builders  Association. 

CARPENTERS. 

Briggs  Brothers.  Mainland,  John  Y. 

Burke  Brothers.  McGaw,  John  &  Sons. 

Clark  &  Lee.  McLellan,  James  D. 

Currier,  Charles  E.  Co.  McNeil  Brothers. 

Daniel,  John.  Mitchell  &  Sutherland  (Inc.). 

Drisko,  0.  H.  &  Son.  Morrison,  George  W. 

Farquharson,  Theodric  J.  Nicholson,  J.  &  Son. 

Fraser,  J.  C.  &  Sons.  Norcross  Brothers  Co. 

Fillmore,  W.  Co.  Pitman  &  Brown  Co. 

Gerry  &  Northup.  Plummer,  R.  B.,  Jr. 

Gibson,  Richard.  Powers,  Frank  H. 

Harvey,  George  W.  Co.  Ross,  H.  F.  Co. 

Hersey,  Ira  G.  Stevens,  F.  W. 

Hodges,  F.  L.  Tufts,  George  M. 

Horton  &  Hemenway.  Whitcomb,  E.  Noyes  Co. 

Hosmer,  Jerome  C.  Whitcomb,  Frank  L. 

Hunt,  H.  H.  Whitney,  Arthur  C. 

Logue,  Chas.  Wilson,  J.  T.  &  Son. 

Young,  Wm.  N. 

CAST-STONE. 
Aberthaw  Construction  Co. 

CLEANERS  AND  POINTERS  OF  MASONRY. 
Lally,  Thomas  J.  Pickett,  R.  H.  &  J.  C. 

CONCRETE  CONSTRUCTION. 

Aberthaw  Construction  Co.  Murtfeldt,  Wm.  A.  Co. 

Carr,  The  George  W.  Co.  Simpson  Bros.  Corporation. 

Hind,  Thomas  J.  Taylor,  E.  R:  Co. 

Warren  Brothers  Co. 

COPPER  WORKERS. 

Badger,  E.  B.  &  Sons  Co.  Hicks,  S.  D.  &  Son. 

DERRICKS,  ENGINES,  STEAM  PUMPS. 
Miller,  William  L. 

DOORS,  WINDOWS,  AND  BLINDS. 

Brockway-Smith  Corporation.  Johnson,  Thomas  J.  &  Co. 

Carlisle,  E.  A.,  Pope  &  Co.  Pratt,  Amasa  &  Co. 

Gale,  George  W.,  Lumber  Co.  Ross,  H.  F.  Co. 

Hastings,  A.  W.  &  Co.  Stearns,  A.  T.,  Lumber  Co. 

DRAIN  AND  SEWER  PIPE. 

Berry  &  Ferguson.  Fiske  &  Company. 

Dodge,  Charles  A.  &  Co.  Waldo  Brothers/ 

Windsor  Cement  Co. 


The  Master  Builders  Association. 

ELECTRICAL  ENGINEERS,  ELECTRIC  LIGHT  WIRING. 

Byrne,  Thos.  W.  Lewis,  Edwin  C. 

Fuller,  Seth  W.  Co.  Wilkinson,  James  &  Co. 

ELEVATORS  AND  MACHINERY. 
McLauthlin,  George  T.  Co.  Whittier  Machine  Co. 

EMPLOYERS'  LIABILITY  INSURANCE. 
Appleton,  Samuel.  Paige,  John  C.  &  Co. 

Travelers  Insurance  Co. 

FIREPROOF  BUILDING  MATERIAL. 

Aberthaw  Construction  Co.  Kearns,  W.  F.  Co. 

American  Fire  Proofing  Co.  (Sala-     Lombard  Fire-Proofing  Co. 
mander).  National  Fire-Proofing  Co. 

Eastern  Expanded  Metal  Co.  Roebling  Construction  Co. 

Fiske  &  Company.  Waldo  Brothers. 

Windsor  Cement  Co. 

FIREPROOF  DOORS,  SHUTTERS,  AND  FITTINGS. 

American  Fire  Proofing  Co.  Lombard  Fire-Proofing  Co. 

Cook,  Wm.  A.  McLauthlin,  Geo.  T.  Co. 

FIREPROOF  FLOORS. 

Aberthaw  Construction  Co. 

FLAG  POLES. 
Smith,  H.  W.  &  E.  G. 

FLOOR  LAYERS. 

McConnell,  W.  A.  Moriaty,  John  D. 

Rilovich,  Martin. 

FREESTONE  WORKERS. 

Campbell,  P.  J.  &  Sons.  Fait,  J.  P.  &  Co. 

Carew,  Joseph  F.  James  &  Marra. 

Charles  River  Stone  Co.  Meany,  E.  F.  &  Co. 

Sullivan,  William  J.  (Inc.). 

GAS  FITTERS. 

McLoughlin,  John.  O'Connell,  John. 

GRANITE  QUARRIES. 

Barker,  William  P.  Lombard,  S.  &  R.  J. 

Goss,  John  L.  Norcross  Brothers  Co. 

Granite  Railway  Co.  Pigeon  Hill  Granite  Co. 

Hallowell  Granite  Co.  Rockport  Granite  Co. 


The  Master  Builders  Association. 

GRANITE  WORKERS. 

Cheeves,  Wm.  R.  McKay,  J.  J.  (Jobber). 

Fletcher  &  Lahey.  Norcross  Brothers  Co. 

Granite  Railway  Co.  Pigeon  Hill  Granite  Co. 

Hallowell  Granite  Co.  Bicker,  E.,  Son  &  Co. 

Lombard,  S.  &  R.  J.  Rockport  Granite  Co. 

Sweatt  &  Gould. 

GRANOLITHIC  AND  CONCRETE  WALKS  AND  DRIVEWAYS. 

Aberthaw  Construction  Co.  Murtfeldt,  Wm.  A.  Co. 

Carr,  The  George  W.  Co.  Simpson  Bros.  Corporation. 

Hind,  Thomas  J.  Taylor,  E.  R.  Co. 

Warren  Brothers  Co. 

HARDWARE  DEALERS. 

Bay  State  Hardware  Co.  Chandler  &  Barber. 

Burditt  &  Williams  Co.  Hunter,  J.  B.  &  Co. 

IRON  AND  STEEL  MERCHANTS  AND  MANUFACTURERS. 

Carnegie  Steel  Co.  (Ltd.)  Harrington,  Robinson  &  Co. 

IRON  AND  STEEL  WORKERS. 

Boston  Bridge  Works  (Inc.).  New  England  Structural  Co. 

Croft  Iron  Works  Co.  Robbins,  A.  B.  Iron  Co. 

Ham,  L.  M.  &  Co.  Saunders,  George  C. 

Hecla  Iron  Works.  Smith,  G.  W.  &  F.,  Iron  Co. 

McLauthlin,  George  T.  Co.  Smith  &  Lovett  Co. 

Whittier  Machine  Co. 

KILN-DRIED  FLOORING. 
Gale,  George  W.,  Lumber  Co. 

LATHER. 

Christie,  John  &  Son. 

LUMBER  DEALERS. 

Barker  &  Company,  Inc.  McNinch,  Robert  W. 

Blanchard  Lumber  Co.  McQuesten,  Geo.  Co. 

Boice  &  Grogan  Lumber  Co.  Pratt,  Amasa  &  Co. 

Clark  &  Smith  Co.  (Inc.)  Sawyer,  E.  D.,  Lumber  Co. 

Curtis  &  Pope  Lumber  Co.  Stearns,  A.  T.,  Lumber  Co. 

Gale,  George  W.,  Lumber  Co.  Weston,  W.  M.  Co. 

Huckins,  P.  S.  &  Co.  Wheeler,  R.  B. 

Larivee,  Cyril  J.  Wight,  Edward  A.  (Estate  of). 

Leatherbee,  C.  W.,  Lumber  Co.  Wood,  Wm.  H.  &  Co. 

Wy man- Allen  Lumber  Co. 

LUMBER  ON  COMMISSION. 
Barry,  Joseph  A. 

MARBLE  WORKERS. 

Bowker,  Torrey  Co.  Butler,  Philip  H.  &  Co. 

Hall,  Charles  E.  &  Co. 


The  Master  Builders  Association. 

MASON  BUILDERS. 

Clark,  E.  W.  &  Co.  Mack  &  Moore. 

Connery  &  Wentworth.  McCoy,  James  E. 

Connolly  Brothers.  Miller,  S.  N.  &  Co. 

Cutting,  George  H.  &  Co.  Norcross  Brothers  Co. 

Dodge,  Charles  A.  &  Co.  Norwood  &  Ramsdell. 
Dodge,   Charles  H.,  Construction     Pitman  &  Brown  Co. 

Co.  Pray,  William. 

Eagles  &  Irwin.  Preble,  Walter  H.  Co. 

Emery,  John  A.  Rand,  David  L. 

Harvey,  George  W.  Co.  Root,  W.  A.  &  H.  A.  (Inc.). 

Jacobs,  David  H.  &  Son.  Sayward,  William  H. 

Johnson  Brothers.  Smith,  James. 

Lyons,  Thomas  J.  (Estate  of).  Soule,  L.  P.  &  Son  Co. 

Mack,  J.  J.  &  T.  F.  Willcutt,  L.  D.  &  Sons  Co. 

Woodbury  &  Leighton  Co. 

MASONS'  SUPPLIES. 

Berry  &  Ferguson.  Ham  &  Carter  Co. 

Crafts,  Henry's  Sons.  Norcross,  W.  C.  Co. 

Davis,  James  A.  &  Co.  Rockland-Rockport  Lime  Co. 

Dodge,  Charles  A.  &  Co.  Waldo  Brothers. 

Fiske  &  Company.  Windsor  Cement  Co. 

METAL  LATHING. 

Christie,  John  &  Son.  Kearns,  W.  F.  Co. 

Clinton  Wire  Cloth  Co.  Roebling  Construction  Co. 

Eastern  Expanded  Metal  Co.  Russell,  J.  &  Co. 

Waldo  Brothers. 

METAL  WORKERS. 

Badger,  E.  B.  &  Sons  Co.  McGann,  T.  F.  &  Sons  Co. 

Barnard,  George  A.  Mills  &  Moore. 

Farquhar,  John's  Sons  (Inc.).  Penn  Metal  Ceiling  and  Roofing 

Hicks,  S.  D.  &  Son.  Co.,  Ltd. 

MILL  WORK. 
Gale,  George  W.,  Lumber  Co.  Ross,  H.  F.  Co. 

MONOLITH  AND  ASBESTOLITH. 

Simpson  Bros.  Corporation. 

NORTH  RIVER  BLUESTONE. 
Cuddihy,  M.  H.  &  Sons. 

PAINTERS. 

American  Painting  &  Decorating  Nilson  Brothers. 

Co.  Perry,  Lewis  F.,  &  Whitney  Co. 

Beck,  Edward  C.  Rogers,  F.  M.  &  Co. 

Clark,  Cyrus  T.  Co.  Schupbach  &  Zellar. 

Cutler,  Frank  E.  Wallburg  &  Sherry. 

Haberstroh,  L.  &  Son.  White,  John. 

Marshall,  H.  Newton  Company.  Wingate,  James  I.  &  Son. 


The  Master  Builders  Association. 

PAINTS,  OILS,  AND    VARNISHES. 
Heath  &  Milligan  Mfg.  Co. 

PILE  DRIVERS. 

Cavanagh,  George  H.  Miller,  William  L. 

Hayes.  George  Co.  Norton,  W.  A.  Co. 

Tidd,  Lyman  R. 

PILING   (Dealers  in). 
Norton,  W.  A.  Co.  Smith,  H.  W.  &  E.  G. 

PLASTERERS. 

Donovan,  D.  F.  &  Co.  Mclntosh,  A.  Co. 

Gallagher  &  Munro  Co.  Muir  Brothers. 

Gallagher,  Robert  Co.  Parker,  Thomas  Co.,  Inc. 

Townsend,  J.  H. 

PLUMBERS. 

Buerkel  &  Co.  Johnson,  W.  B. 

French,  J.  W.  &  Co.  Kenrick  Brothers. 

Hussey,  H.  &  Co.  Mills  &  Moore. 

Mitchell,  Wm.  H.  &  Son  Co. 

PRISM  LIGHTS  FOR  SIDEWALKS,  SKYLIGHTS  AND  WINDOWS. 

American  Luxfer  Prism  Co. 

ROOFERS. 

Barnard,  George  A.  O'Brien,  D.  A.  &  Son. 

Farquhar,  John's  Sons  (Inc.).  Parker,  Charles  S.  Sons. 

Genasco  Roofing  Company.  Penn  Metal  Ceiling  and  Roofing 
Hind,  Thomas  J.  Co.,  Ltd. 

Murtfeldt,  W.  A.  Co.  Warren  Brothers  Co. 

ROOFING  SLATE  AND  ROOFING  MATERIALS. 

Farquhar,  John's  Sons  (Inc.). 

SAND  AND  GRAVEL. 
Hannon,  Frank  J.  O'Riorden,  Patrick  (Estate  of). 

SANDSTONE  AND  LIMESTONE. 

Cleveland  Stone  Co.  Empire  Stone  Co. 

Consolidated  Stone  Co.  Perry-Matthews-Buskirk  Stone  Co. 

SEA  WALL  BUILDER. 
Miller,  William  L. 

SEWERS. 
Snow,  F.  A.  (c.  E.). 


The  Master  Builders  Association. 

SIDEWALK  AND  VAULT  LIGHTS. 
Aberthaw  Construction  Co.  American  Luxfer  Prism  Co. 

SOAPSTONE. 

Butler,  Philip  H.  &  Co. 

STABLE  FITTINGS. 

Puritan  Iron  Works. 

STAIR  BUILDERS. 

Briggs  Brothers.  Graham  &  Cameron. 

STONE  MASONS. 
Dugad,  Geo.  R.  &  Co. 

STEAM  AND  HOT  WATER  HEATING  APPARATUS. 

Buerkel  &  Co.  French,  J.  W.  &  Co. 

Kenrick  Bros. 

SURETY  BONDS. 

Brown,  Albert  S.,  Jr. 

TEAMSTERS  AND  EXCAVATORS. 

Hannon,  Frank  J.  O'Riorden,  Patrick  (Estate  of). 

Smith,  H.  W.  &  E.  G. 

TERRA-COTTA. 
Fiske  &  Company.  Waldo  Brothers. 

TILES. 

American    Enameled    Brick    and     Fiske  &  Company. 
Tile  Co.  Waldo  Brothers. 

VANES. 
Puritan  Iron  Works. 

WALL  PLASTER. 

Windsor  Cement  Co. 

WATER-TIGHT  CELLARS. 

Carr,  The  George  W.  Co.  Simpson  Bros.  Corporation. 

Hind,  Thomas  J.  Taylor,  E.  R.  Co. 

Murtfeldt,  Wm.  A.  Co.  Warren  Brothers  Co. 

Waterproofing  Co.,  The. 

WATER-WORKS. 

Snow,  F.  A.  (c.  E.). 


The  Master  Builders  Association. 

WHITEWASHING  AND  KALSOMINING. 

Smith,  E.  M.  &  Son. 

WINDOW  GLASS. 

American  Luxfer  Prism  Co.  Pittsburg  Plate  Glass  Co. 

Boston  Plate  and  Window  Glass  Co.      Standard  Plate  Glass  Co. 

WIRE  WORKERS. 

Clinton  Wire  Cloth  Co.  Morss  &  Whyte  Co. 

Whyte,  Oliver  Co. 

WOOD  AND   COAL. 

Crafts,  Henry's  Sons. 


The  Master  Builders  Association. 


THE  MASTER  BUILDERS  ASSOCIATION 

OF  BOSTON. 


PREAMBLE  TO  BY-LAWS. 

THE  special  aims  of  this  Association  are : 

(a.)  To  make  membership  in  the  Association  a  reasonable  assurance 
to  the  public  of  the  skill,  honesty,  and  responsibility  of  its  members: 

First.  By  requiring  that  those  admitted  to  membership  shall 
have  established  an  honorable  reputation  on  the  three  fundamental 
points  above  named,  and  making  continuance  in  this  membership 
depend  upon  fair  dealing  between  members  and  between  members 
arid  the  public. 

Second.  By  offering  to  members  and  to  the  public  opportunity 
for  the  consideration  of  all  cases  of  improper  practice  and  the 
securing  of  redress  therefor  so  far  as  the  parties  concerned  may 
submit  to  the  mediation  of  the  Association. 

(6.)  To  provide  methods  and  means  whereby  members  may  avail 
themselves  of  the  greater  power  of  combined  effort  through  the  Associa- 
tion acting  as  an  authoritative  body,  in  demanding  and  securing  just 
and  honorable  dealing  from  the  public  whom  they  serve. 

(c.)  To  secure  uniformity  of  action  among  the  individuals  forming  the 
Association,  upon  the  general  principles  herein  set  forth,  and  upon  such 
other  principles  as  may  be  decided  upon,  from  time  to  time,  as  best  for 
the  good  of  all  concerned. 


The  Master  Builders  Association. 


EXCHANGE  ROOMS, 
166  DEVONSHIRE  STREET,  BOSTON. 


EXCHANGE  RENDEZVOUS. 

AT  the  Exchange  Rooms  of  the  Association  during  'Change  Hours 
(from  11.30  A.M.  to  1.30  P.M.)  every  day  in  the  year,  except  Sundays  and 
holidays,  may  be  found  the  principal  contractors  engaged  in  the  various 
lines  of  building  work  in  Boston  and  vicinity,  thus  affording  the  best 
possible  opportunity  for  convenient  service,  not  only  to  each  other,  but 
to  the  public  generally,  and  especially  to  architects  and  owners. 

ARCHITECTS'  PRIVILEGES. 

Architects  are  granted  the  privileges  of  the  Exchange  floor  at  all  times, 
and  will  be  admitted  by  the  gatekeeper  upon  announcement  that  they 
are  members  of  that  profession. 

ADMISSION  DURING  'CHANGE  HOURS, 
(from  11.30  A.M.  to  1.30  P.M.) 

During  'Change  Hours  none  but  members  and  their  authorized  repre- 
sentatives, and  such  persons  as  have  been  granted  the  privileges  of  the 
Exchange,  will  be  admitted  to  the  floor  of  the  Exchange,  unless  specially 
invited  by  members,  and  then  only  under  the  following  regulations: 

Members  may  pass  visitors  to  the  Exchange  floor  if  they  choose 
so  to  do,  with  the  understanding  that  such  visitors  are  not  expected 
and  will  not  be  permitted  to  remain  upon  the  Exchange  floor  for 
the  purpose  of  transacting  business  with  persons  other  than  the 
member  introducing  them. 

No  member  is  privileged,  under  the  above  rule,  to  invite  to  the 
Exchange  floor  any  person  other  than  those  whom  he  may  wish 
admitted  as  his  personal  guests.  He  is  expected  not  to  invite 
any  person  to  the  Exchange  floor  whom  he  may  find  waiting  in  the 
lobby  or  hallways  for  some  other  member,  unless  he,  too,  has 
business  with  him.  This  regulation  is  essential  for  the  protection 
of  members  against  intrusion  of  parties  whom  they  may  not  desire 
to  have  admitted  and  also  to  permit  more  perfect  accommodation 
to  visitors,  as  well  as  better  administration  of  gate  service. 


The  Master  Builders  Association. 


THE  UNIFORM  CONTRACT. 


THE  UNIFORM  CONTRACT. 

THE  two  organizations  best  representing  the  mutual  interests  of  owners 
and  builders  in  this  country,  namely,  the  American  Institute  of  Archi- 
tects and  the  National  Association  of  Builders,  realizing  the  disadvan- 
tage as  well  as  danger  to  the  interests  of  both  owner  and  builder  arising 
from  variation  in  forms  of  contract  for  building  work,  and  believing  that 
general  use  of  a  standard  blank  will  result  in  benefit  to  the  community, 
have  prepared,  approved  and  recommended  a  blank  form  of  contract, 
which  has  become  known  as  "  The  Uniform  Contract." 

It  is  not  claimed  for  this  form  that  it  never  can  be  modified  to  advan- 
tage, but  it  is  claimed  that  the  interests  of  both  owner  and  builder  have 
been  justly  and  fairly  considered  in  its  preparation  and  will  be  reasonably 
protected  by  its  use. 

It  is  anticipated  that  if  owner  or  builder  desires  modification  in  the 
form  as  printed,  changes  will  be  made  by  erasure  or  interlineation,  thus 
attracting  the  attention  of  the  contracting  parties  to  the  variations 
proposed  and  giving  opportunity  to  either  approve  or  disapprove  of 
same,  thus  avoiding  the  serious  results  often  following  the  execution  of 
contracts  without  full  and  fair  understanding  of  their  provisions. 

Every  builder  about  to  sign  a  contract  is  especially  cautioned  to  re- 
member that  his  position  as  one  of  the  contracting  parties  entitles  him 
to  as  much  choice  in  form  of  contract  as  the  owner;  that  his  responsibility 
is  so  great  he  cannot  afford  to  ignore  this  point;  and  that  inasmuch  as  a 
form  for  general  use  has  been  prepared,  approved  and  recommended  by 
responsible  bodies  representing  both  interests,  he  should  insist  that  this 
form  be  used. 

These  blanks  may  be  obtained  of  the  licensed  publisher,  Mr.  E.  G.  Soltmann, 
No.  125  East  42d  Street,  New  York  City,  or  of  Adams,  Gushing  &  Foster,  stationers, 
No.  168  Devonshire  Street,  Boston. 

UNIFORM  SUB-CONTRACT. 

A  form  for  use  between  General  and  Sub-Contractors  has  been  pre- 
pared by  Mr.  Soltmann,  which  he  offers  for  sale  on  same  terms  as  the 
Uniform  Contract  blank. 


UNIVERSITY  OF  CALIFORNIA  1 II     ,*U 
BERKELEY 

Return  to  desk  from  which  borrowed. 
This  book  is  DUE  on  the  last  date  stamped  below. 


ENGINEERING  |  \" 
DEC  1  9  195QCV 


t.::.- 


DUE  NRLF 


-•5/985 


JJL21  '88 


MAR  2  6  1985 


LD  21-100m-9,'48(B399sl6)476 


YC  33244 


GENERAL  LIBRARY  -U.C.  BERKELF 


8000^1553^ 


800296 


•Engineering 
Library 


UNIVERSITY  OF  CALIFORNIA  LIBRARY 


